Germanic
What happened with the Roman Empire after the 3rd century?
It started to lose its territories and power and was invaded by Germanic tribes.
What city was the capital of the Visigoths Kingdom?
Toledo
Who ruled the Iberian Peninsula after the Visigoths?
Muslims
What was the official language of Al-Andalus society?
Arabic
From which century and onwards did Al-Andalus become an important cultural centre?
10th century
Which tribes invaded the Roman Empire? Name all of them.
What happened in 711 in the Iberian Peninsula?
Muslims from the north of Africa invaded the Iberian Peninsula and defeated Lord King Ruderic, the last Visigoth king.
What did the Muslims call the territory they conquered? Which was their capital city?
Al-Andalus
Capital city - Córdoba
What is an Alcázar?
Fortress
Al-Andalus made great contributions to what fields of learning? Name 2.
Medicine, astronomy, philosophy, botany, mathematics and geography.
Which Germanic tribe did the Romans ask to help them defend themselves?
Visigoths
Which king defeated the Suevi in the 6th century and took control of the whole territory?
King Leovigild
What was the name of the first emir of Córdoba?
Abd-ar-Rahman l
What happened in 1212?
Christian rulers defeated the Muslim armies in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.
What origin do many words have that we still use today?
Arabic
Which two tribes did the Visigoths help expel for the Romans?
Alani and the Vandals
The Visigoths were excellent in what type of profession?
Goldsmiths
What is a caliph and who ruled it in the 10th century?
Caliph - powerful political and religious leader
Ruler - Abd-ar-Rahman lll
Describe the Al-Andalus lifestyle.
Most lived in the countryside, worked in fields.
Used water wheels and irrigation ditches to water crops.
Cities protected by high walls, had narrow streets.
Alcázar protected city
Name 3 useful materials or objects that Muslims introduced to the Iberian Peninsula.
Silk, cotton, paper, carpets, gunpowder, chess and the compass.
Which parts of the Iberian Peninsula did each Germanic tribes occupy?
Suevi - Northeast of Iberian Peninsula, Roman province of Gallaecia.
Alani - Centre of the Iberian Peninsula, provinces of Lusitania and Carthaginensis.
Vandals - South of Iberian Peninsula, province of Baetica.
Name the 3 ways the Visigoths adopted the Hispano-Roman culture.
1. Adopted Latin as their official language.
2. Converted to Christianity.
3. Adopted Roman laws.
What happened with the taifa kingdoms and what happened as a result of that?
They fought each other continuously. Christian kingdoms of the north took advantage of the divisions between taifas to conquer lands from the muslims.
Describe the different groups of Muslims, Muladis, Mozarabs and Jews.
Muslims - Most powerful group. Practised Islam, worshipped in mosques, held government positions and owned best land.
Muladis - Christians converted to Islam. Adopted Islamic customs and language. Had a better social position and paid no taxes.
Mozarabs - Christians carrying on practising their own religion. Required to pay taxes, but protected by Muslim rulers.
Jews - minority group paying taxes to Muslim rulers. Like Christians, they played important roles in society and culture.
Name the main charateristics of Al-Andalus architecture.
1. Use of bricks in construction.
2. Decoration of buildings with paintings, tiles and gypsum.
3. Different types of arches: horseshoe, pointed, transverse and the multifoil.