Williams 1996
Do Mongols view sand as useless? Why or why not?
No, sand is needed for furthering the weight of the material, herding, and pastures. It is also a cultural element.
Main causes of desertification in Inner Mongolia and the perspective of China?
- The Chinese government blames human activities, especially overgrazing by rural herders, for desertification, downplaying natural causes
What does HPRS stand for?
Household Production Responsibility System
What is LRDCRS and its aim?
LRDCRS (Livestock and Rangeland Double-Contract Responsibility System) was introduced in the 1980s to privatize rangelands and livestock, granting exclusive rights to individual households. Its aim was to boost livestock productivity and control rangeland degradation through clear tenure.
Provide an objection from Mongol's side to the Marx-Lenin-Mao line of thought regarding the land
"natural rangeland embodies no labour," but Mongols do work...
Importance of including local communities in research and policy?
valuable traditional knowledge, ensuring that policies are culturally appropriate and more likely to be effective.
Who compiled the majority of the farm workers during the period of commune encouragement?
Han Chinese
Why is Otor Suitable?
- Mobility Advantage: Allows herders to access better rangelands and improve livestock nutrition.
- Economic Efficiency: Otor costs are half of pen-raising, and it maximizes revenue by enabling better-timed livestock sales.
What are enclosure policies designed for besides obvious ecological purposes?
Waging of ideological battle
How do conflicts of interest shape outcomes in projects like ECCIA or GEMS?
Differing priorities among local, national, and international stakeholders can skew project goals, leading to compromises that may reduce effectiveness.
Explain why the noble private property regime wasn't changed until 1956 even though socialism replaced feudalism by that time
Wulanhu, persuasion, gradual land reform
Two Impacts of LRDCRS?
- Rangeland Tenure: Shift from collective to individual rights, limiting access to additional rangelands unless paid for.
- Social Relationships: Weakened social bonds and leadership, increasing transaction costs and fragmenting networks for otor movements.