Variables & Controls
In an experiment, what is the variable that the scientist changes on purpose to test its effects?
Independent variable
What is a testable statement or prediction made before an experiment begins?
Hypothesis
What is a description of a pattern in nature that always seems to be true, like gravity?
Scientific law
What is it called when a scientist repeats their own experiment to verify the results?
Repetition
What is the term for making decisions or conclusions based on facts and data, without personal feelings or opinions?
Objectivity
What do we call the factor that is measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable?
Dependent variable
What should a hypothesis be based on to make it valid?
Observations and research
What is a well-supported explanation of why something happens in nature, based on evidence and testing?
Scientific theory
What is the term for when a different scientist performs the same experiment to confirm the original findings?
Replication
What is the opposite of objectivity, where conclusions are influenced by personal feelings or opinions?
Subjectivity
What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
To provide a baseline for comparison by not receiving the independent variable.
What is the term for a conclusion or interpretation made based on evidence and reasoning, rather than direct observation?
Inference
Which one can be modified or changed if new evidence is discovered, a scientific theory or a scientific law?
Scientific theory
Why is it important for an experiment to be repeated multiple times?
To ensure that the results are consistent and reliable.
Why is it important for scientists to remain objective during experiments?
To ensure that the results are based on facts and evidence, not personal biases.
What are constants, and why are they important in an experiment?
Constants are factors kept the same throughout the experiment to ensure the independent variable is the only factor affecting the results.
If you predict that adding fertilizer will make plants grow faster, what part of the scientific method are you using?
Forming a hypothesis
Give one example of a scientific law and one example of a scientific theory.
Law of gravity (scientific law) and theory of evolution (scientific theory)
What is the difference between repetition and replication in an experiment?
Repetition is when the same scientist repeats the experiment, while replication is when another scientist conducts the same experiment to verify the results.
Give an example of a subjective statement and an objective statement in the context of scientific research.
Subjective: "I think this medicine works best because I feel better."
Objective: "This medicine was shown to be effective in 90% of patients based on clinical trials."
What is the difference between an experimental group and a control group in an experiment?
The experimental group receives the independent variable being tested, while the control group does not, allowing for comparison of results.
What is the key difference between an observation and an inference in the context of scientific research?
An observation is something directly perceived through the senses or tools, while an inference is a conclusion drawn based on observations and prior knowledge.
What is the key difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law in terms of what each describes?
A scientific law describes what happens in nature, while a scientific theory explains why it happens.
How does replication by different scientists contribute to the credibility of a scientific study?
It confirms that the results are not biased or a one-time occurrence and that the findings are reliable across different conditions and researchers.
How can scientists reduce subjectivity when conducting experiments or analyzing data?
By using standardized methods, relying on measurable evidence, and undergoing peer review to eliminate personal bias.