Types of Nervous systems
What are the different types of nervous systems and how are they different than a vertebrate nervous system?
Nerve net: web of neurons
Nerve Ring: a large nerve with a radial nerve
Ganglia- A cluster of nerves
Brain and ganglia.
These nervous systems are commonly found in starfish, insects, and invertebrates while the vertebrate nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord and found in all mammals.
How is the PNS divided and what do the 2 regions control?
There are 2 parts to the PNS, the Somatic and the Autonomic. The Somatic is the conscious control of movement and planning. Autonomic consists of three parts parasympathetic, sympathetic which control involuntary life functions like your heartbeat, and enteric controls digestive functions.
What is the primary job of the two parts of the CNS?
The CNS is composed of two main parts, the Brain and spinal cord.
The spinal cords job is to connect the PNS to the brain that way there is communication between your arms and legs. It is a freeway for action potentials. It also controls your reflexes.
The brain controls everything else. the brain processes your info and carries out the autonomic and somatic functions.
What happens in the development of the brain when you are first born leading into the first few months of your life?
When you are born you start off with all of your neurons that you will have for the rest of your life, but there aren't going to be those connections in the forebrain or midbrain that we usually see. The only real connections we see a newborn will make are in the primitive brain stem. We see this connection when they cry to get food or to get change. Now during the first few months is when you will see the development between the muscle tone and connections. The strength in the amount of signaling that goes on in the forebrain and the midbrain determines how many connections there will be and where they will go. Some signals will not always stick around, the connections will soon break and disappear. This is what your brain will do your entire life.
What are the major areas of the brain and the brain stem?
The major areas of the brain are the Brain stem; body regulation, the cerebellum; coordination, the diencephalon; emotional processing and internal regulation, and the cerebrum;higher-level functions.
The Brainstem has three parts:
Medulla Oblongata: All the nerves from spinal cord pass through here and it regulates breathing, heart, and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing.
Pons: Relay between medulla and cerebrum. Help regulate breathing
Mid Brain: The midbrain serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing.
what are the two parts of the vertebrate nervous system?
The Central nervous system and the Peripheral nervous system.
What are the roles of the Parasympathetic and the Sympathetic?
The parasympathetic is usually controlled by the cranial nerves and it promotes relaxation and digestion. The sympathetic is controlled by the thoracic nerves. This system controls stress like when you are getting excited or nervous or are being active in any way. This system is influenced by epinephrine.
What do the spinal nerves and regions control?
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each pair connects the spinal cord with a specific region of the body.
They fall into 3 main regions, cervical, thoracic, lumbar.
The cervical controls the head, neck and upper body limbs.
The Thoracic controls the abdomen and internal organs.
Finally the lumbar controls the lower limbs.
What is Cerebral Spinal Fluid(CSF)?
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid has three main functions: CSF protects the brain and spinal cord from trauma. CSF supplies nutrients to nervous system tissue. CSF removes waste products from cerebral metabolism.
What are the main parts and functions of the cerebrum?
It is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres which control opposite sides of your body and are connected by your corpus callosum. It performs functions like Thinking, memory, analyzing info, language, personality, and judgement.
It has four main regions:
Frontal lobe: Speech, thinking, and motor cortex.
Temporal lobe: Hearing Auditory functions and speech.
Parietal lobe: Reading, somatosensory cortex, and taste.
Occipital: VIsion center.
How do the CNS and the PNS differentiate?
The VNS can be divided into two parts the CNS and the PNS. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord contains various regions such as cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. The brain has ventricles that are a communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid. It also contains gray and white matter. The other portion of it is the PNS which are all the other nerves in the body like the sensory and motor nerves. They tend to elicit responses from and to the environment.
How do the Parasympathetic and the sympathetic systems affect your iris?
Sympathetic will open the pupil to get more light so you can see better. In parasympathetic your pupil will close because when you are relaxing you don't need as much light.
What is the difference between a reflex and a conscious motion and what are the steps in a reflex?
The spinal cord controls your reflexes which are autonomic responses and conscious movements which are sensory input to the brain. They are very different from each other. Reflexes involve a minimum of three steps and conscious is five steps. Conscious starts with the sensory input and to get to the brain it has to go through the spinal cord, then the brain processes it and sends the response and hits a motor neuron. The reflex contains fewer neurons and starts with the sensory receptor found at the end of the sensory neuron entering the CNS to the spinal cord gray matter and then they are sent to motor neurons to muscle cells creating what we call a refel arc.
What are the 3 layers of brain tissue and what is their purpose?
Dura Mater- Outermost layer, Has blood vessels for the blood to leave the brain to flow to the heart. Responsible for keeping in the CSF. This protects your brain if you were to bump your head.
Arachnoid mater- The middle layer of the meninges connects the dura mater and pia mater. Cushions brain from movements and absorb pressure, like if you were turning your head fast or like when you thrust forward in a car wreck. This is where you will find CSF.
Pia Mater- Innermost layer of meninges. Makes CSF that carries blood vessels to the brain.
CSF passes between two of the layers of the meninges and also flows through the ventricles, which are the cavities within the brain.
What is the difference between the diencephalon and the cerebellum?
The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem at the base of your brain. It deals with coordination and balance. It deals with most;y motor functions and is always learning new motor skills. It also deals with hand-eye coordination
The diencephalon has three brain regions:
Epithalemus: Controls CSF levels
Thalamus: Sends sensory info to the right locations
Hypothalamus: Homeostatic functions
Limbic system: emotion and feelings
Optic tracts: Crossover of optic nerves.
What is the connection between the CNS and the PNS?
The main function of the PNS is to connect to the CNS serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord, sending messages to the limbs and organs helping them function.
How will the nervous system change in and organ?
All organs will have nerves from the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic. What controls this is a nerve ganglion in the area, regulating signals that need to be sent. Sympathetic has a pre ganglion and a post ganglion response. The pre ganglion will stimulate the nerves to work and become active, the post ganglion will slow down the response. For Parasympathetic, its pre and post respond the same to the acetylcholine. The pre inhibits the ganglion which will shut off the system and the post will excite the ganglion which will activate the system and cause you to relax. The effect depends on the receptor.
what is the connection between the sympathetic nervous system to the spinal cord?
Sympathetic neurons of the spinal cord communicate with peripheral sympathetic neurons sympathetic ganglia. Within the ganglia, spinal cord sympathetic neurons join peripheral sympathetic neurons through chemical synapses acting as a chemical messenger sending messages through the spinal nerves to the brain.
Importance of the Blod Brain Barrier(BBB)?
The BBB protects the brain from foreign substances in the blood that enters the brain. Specialized cells filter the blood to prevent harmful substances from getting in. This barrier will block hydrophilic molecules but will let through the hydrophobic molecules.
What is the primacy/recency effect?
The Primacy/Recency Effect is the observation that information that is presented at the beginning and end of trying to remember or learn something tends to be retained better than information presented in the middle.his happened because most will pay more attention to the beginning and more encoding time which makes it easier to remember, then the most recent thing is the freshest in their mind and it is easiest to remember.
How are all 3 neurons involved with the somatic system?
The somatic system uses all three neurons. The sensory nerves are responsible for carrying information from the nerves to the CNS from this the interneurons will carry the messages to the motor neurons which are responsible for carrying information from the brain and spinal cord to muscle fibers throughout the body.
What are the differences between gray and white matter?
Gray matter is the thinner outer layer of your brain which means it makes up the cortex. The reason it is gray is because it's unmyelinated axons which means it will be slower processing.
White matter is the stuff in between and it makes up most of your brain. This is linked to the storage of your brain and often thought that this connects all parts of your brain together.
Why do some brain functions take longer than others?
Your brain has specific areas that process different types of information and make a decision. One region works with language - able to decode letters and recognize the meaning of the words they form. Another is responsible for visualization. When the messages from these two centers clash, the brain is in conflict. To sort out the discrepancy and arrive at the "best" solution, scientists on the program theorize that the brain relies on an area called the anterior cingulate to help it focus.