The Peripheral Nervous System
The Spine
The Nerve
The Action Potential and Synapse
The Brain
100
How is the PNS organized?
100
Does the spine have a role in the integration of information?
Yes, it integrates and processes information received from the sensory nerves.
100
Can nerves be found in the CNS, PNS, or both?
Both.
100
If all the gates on the cell membrane are closed and only the sodium potassium pump is working, which state of the action potential is the cell at? What voltage is the membrane potential at in this state?
The Resting State. -70mV.
100
Where is the Hypothalamus located? What does it do?
It is located in the Forebrain, just above the pituitary and amygdala.
Controls the endocrine system via the pituitary; thermostat of the body, regulates homeostasis.
200
Is the Somatic system under your conscious control?
Yes.
200
The spine is made of two types of nerve tissue. what are the two types, and what causes their color?
Grey and white matter, grey matter is unmyelinated (why it's grey) and white matter is myelinated (why it's white)
200
Glial cells support and nourish neurons. What are the name of the two glial cells that form the myelin sheath? Where is each found?
In the CNS, the Oligodendrocytes.
In the PNS, the Schwann cells.
200
What is it that causes the Synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane? How do they (the thing causing) get in?
Calcium ions entering into the synapse through the Ca2+ voltage gated channels.
200
What is Broca's Area main function?
What is Wernicke's main function?
Broca's - Language production.
Wernicke's - Language comprehension.
300
What does the Autonomic system regulate? Is it aware of its actions?
Regulates activity of cardiac and smooth muscle, and the glands of the body. It is unaware of its actions.
300
Where does the reflex arc (response to pain) get integrated and processed? Do you have control over it?
In the spine, through the dorsal horn and out to the ventral horn of the spine. You do not have control over this.
300
What are the three main types of nerves? What is the purpose of each type?
Sensory Neurons
Accept impulses from sensory receptors. Transmit them to the CNS
Motor Neurons
Accept nerve impulses from the CNS Transmit them to muscles or glands
Interneurons
Convey nerve impulses between various parts of the CNS
300
What are the three ways to remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft?
Enzymes breaking them down, Reuptake into the preysynaptic neuron, and diffusion out of the cleft.
300
What are the primary functions of the Cerebellum, Pons and Medulla-oblongata?
Cerebellum - Sends motor impulses out the brain stem to the skeletal muscles. Balance and coordination, fine muscle movement.
Pons - Helps regulate breathing and head movements, as well as arousal and sleep.
Medulla oblongata - Reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, and swallowing. Regulates unconscious breathing.
400
Which division of the Autonomic system is in charge of fight or flight response?
Which division of the Autonomic system is in charge of the relaxed state?
Sympathetic is in charge of fight or flight, and Parasympathetic is in charge of the relaxed state.
400
If someone was paraplegic below the chest, which spine segment would be damaged?
Thoracic Vertebrae.
400
What is the path of a nerve transmission?
The sensory receptor "notices" a stimulus. It then sends said signal through the axon of the sensory nerve to be received by the interneurons. The interneurons then integrates the signal. It then sends the a signal to the motor neurons, which then takes said signal and causes the effector (such as a muscle) to react.
400
What are the main steps to the chemical synapse?
1-2) Depolarization from the Action Potential causes voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open in the Presynaptic nerve.
3) Calcium ions initiate a signaling cascade that causes synaptic vesicles, containing neurotransmitter molecules, to fuse with the presynaptic membrane, releasing the Neurotransmitters.
4) The released neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and bind to ligand-gated ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane.
5) The channels open, resulting in a graded potential (weak increase in voltage) in the postsynaptic neuron.
6) The neurotransmitters are released from the ligand-gated channels, allowing them to be reuptaken into the presynaptic neuron, become broken down by enzymes, or diffuse away from the synapse.
400
What are the parts of the Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain?
FOREBRAIN
Includes the cerebrum, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus and the hypothalamus.
MIDBRAIN
Includes the tectum and the tegmentum.
HINDBRAIN
Includes the pons, cerebellum and the medulla.
500
List 3 effects that occur in the body when the sympathetic system is engaged.
Dilates pupils, inhibits tears, inhibits salivation, dilates are passages, speeds heart rate, stimulates adrenal secretion, inhibits digestive processes, inhibits urination.
500
What are the four segments of the spine? What are they responsible for?
Cervical Vertebrae - Head, neck, arms and diaphragm.
Thoracic Vertebrae - Chest muscles, abdominal muscles.
Lumbar Vertebrae - Leg muscles
Sacrum - Bowel, bladder, sexual functions.
500
What are the parts and functions of each part in the Neuron?
Cell body (soma) - contains the nucleus
Denrites - receive signals from sensory receptors and conducts said signals towards the cell body.
Axon - Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.
Myelin sheath - increases speed of conduction of the action potential.
Synapse - receives signal from the axon and sends it to the dendrites of the next neuron.
500
What are each of the steps to the action potential, and what is the voltage of the membrane at during each step?
The formation of an action potential can be divided into five steps:
(1) A stimulus from a sensory cell or another neuron causes the target cell to depolarize toward the threshold potential from its resting state of -70mV.
(2) If the threshold of excitation (which is -55mV) is reached, all Voltage gated Na+ channels open and the membrane depolarizes due to Na+ rushing into the cell.
(3) At the peak action potential(approximately +30mV), Voltage gated K+ channels open and K+ begins to leave the cell. At the same time, Voltage gated Na+ channels close.
(4) The membrane becomes hyperpolarized as K+ ions continue to leave the cell, meaning the voltage drops below -70mV. The hyperpolarized membrane is in a refractory period and cannot fire (the ion channels are inactivated).
(5) The K+ channels close and the Na+/K+ pump restores the resting potential to -70mV.
500
What are the four lobes of the Cerebrum, and what are the primary functions of each?
Frontal Lobe - Primary motor area. Also in charge of cognitive thought and planning.
Parietal Lobe - Sensory perception and integration.
Occipital Lobe - Vision and visual association.
Temporal Lobe - Auditory and language processing and understanding.