Parts of the Brain
What lobe coordinate voluntary movements and speech, memory and emotion, higher cognitive skills like planning and problem-solving, and many aspects of personality?
The Frontal Lobe
A movement disorder caused by the death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, located in the midbrain. Symptoms include slowness of movement, muscular rigidity, and walking and balance impairment
Parkinson's Disease
----- are relatively stereotyped, automatic muscle responses to particular stimuli — think of the rapid withdrawal of your hand after touching something hot.
Reflexes
The functional unit of neural circuits and networks is the ----, a specialized cell that can transmit electrical signals to other nerve cells, muscles, or glands.
Neuron
Our ability to taste foods depends on the molecules set free when we chew or drink. These molecules are detected by taste (or gustatory) cells within ---- located on the tongue and along the roof and back of the mouth
Taste buds
The largest of these bundles forms a bridge between the cerebral hemispheres and is called the ---
Corpus Callosum
A condition that results from the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. This genetic anomaly is associated with physical and developmental characteristics, including mild to moderate intellectual disabilities; low muscle tone; and an increased risk of congenital heart defects, respiratory problems, and digestive tract obstruction.
Down Syndrome
The brain and spinal cord.
Central Nervous System
----- are branched projections that extend from the cell body and collect incoming signals from other neurons.
Dendrites
The retina is home to three types of neurons — ---, interneurons, and ganglion cells — which are organized into several layers
Photoreceptors
The ----- consists of curved structures lying beneath the cerebral cortex; it is a region of the temporal lobes that encodes new memories.
Hippocampus
A psychiatric disorder characterized by sadness, hopelessness, pessimism, loss of interest in life, reduced emotional wellbeing, and abnormalities in sleep, appetite, and energy level.
Depression
Unmyelinated gaps in an axon’s myelin sheath along which electrical impulses travel.
Nodes of Ranvier
The fiber-like extension of a neuron by which it sends information to target cells
Axon
Odors enter the nose on air currents and bind to specialized olfactory cells on a small patch of mucus membrane high inside the nasal cavity. Axons of these sensory neurons enter the two ----- (one for each nostril) after crossing through tiny holes in the skull.
Olfactory bulbs
The ----, tucked underneath the occipital lobe at the very back of the brain, is the second-largest part of the brain in volume, containing over half the brain’s neurons. Like the cerebrum, the ---- is deeply folded, divided into two hemispheres, and carries out a variety of functions. For example, it coordinates voluntary movements and helps the brain learn new motor skills. It also has roles in spatial and temporal perception. A patient with cerebellar damage might have a jerky, arrhythmic gait or might be unable to accurately touch his finger to his nose.
Cerebellum
Someone with damage to the left auditory cortex (particularly a region called -----), as from a stroke, is able to hear a person speak but no longer understands what is being said.
Wernicke’s area
Oscillating patterns of brain activity that can be detected and recorded using electroencephalography (EEG).
Brain Waves
The cell body, also called the ----, contains the neuron’s nucleus and most of its cytoplasm, along with molecular machinery for building and transport?ing proteins critical to the cell’s function.
Soma
The iris regulates how much light enters by changing the size of the pupil. The lens then bends the light so that it focuses on the inner surface of your eyeball, on a sheet of cells called the ----
Retina
Below the cerebellum is the pons, which influences breathing and posture. Another part of the hindbrain, the medulla, carries nerve pathways connecting the brain to the spinal cord and contains neural networks that help control basic functions like swallowing, heart rate, and breathing. Together, the midbrain, pons, and medulla make up the ----.
Brainstem
An anxiety disorder characterized by uncontrollable, recurring thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that attempt to mitigate the obsessions
Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)
A state of arousal in which the brain’s sensory processing is directed at a limited number of stimuli.
Attention
The neuron’s electrical signals travel down its axon — another extension from the cell body that may branch before ending in -----, where the signal is passed across a synapse to other cells.
Axon terminals
The oval window converts the mechanical vibrations of the stapes into pressure waves in the fluid of the cochlea, where they are transduced into electrical signals by specialized receptor cells (-----).
Hair cells