Hormones
This lowers blood glucose by permitting entry of glucose into the cells of the liver, muscle, and other tissues, where it is either stored as glycogen or used for energy...
What is insulin?
What are the causes of hypoglycemia? (name at least one)
What is...
Too much insulin or oral antidiabetic agent
Too little food
Excessive physical activity?
What is...
polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
Other S/S: Fatigue, weakness, sudden vision changes, blood glucose greater than 100
This life-threatening condition occurs when the body produces high levels of ketones due to insufficient insulin, often seen in uncontrolled diabetes...
What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
During a hypoglycemic episode, the first treatment given should be this...
What is fruit juice?
This raises blood glucose by converting glycogen to glucose in the liver. It is secreted by the pancreas in response to a decrease in the level of blood glucose...
What is glucagon?
What are the signs/symptom of hypoglycemia?
What is...
shaking/tremor, tachycardia, sweating, dizziness, excessive hunger, restlessness, headache, irritability, confusion, difficulty concentrating?
What are common causes of hyperglycemia? (list at least 1)
What is...
Poor diet, obesity, certain medications
Impaired insulin secretion
Insulin resistance
Destruction of pancreatic beta cells
This hyperglycemic crisis is characterized by severe hyperglycemia and dehydration and no ketones....
What is Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)?
A short acting insulin takes effect how long after administration?
This exerts a hypoglycemic effect by interfering with release of growth hormone from the pituitary and glucagon from the pancreas, both of which tend to raise blood glucose levels...
What is somatostatin?
What should you do during a hypoglycemia emergency?
What is...
15g fast-acting carbohydrate:
1/2c fruit juice, 2-3 glucose tablets, regular soda?
What are some crisis states that can occur from hyperglycemia?
What is...
HHS and DKA
Both DKA and HHS can lead to this serious complication characterized by brain swelling and loss levels of consciousness?
What is cerebral edema?
A patient presents with DKA, the nurses priority is to rehydrate the patient with what type of fluid?
What is 0.9% Normal Saline Solution?
The exocrine pancreas secretes what 3 hormones? (name at least 1)
What is amylase, tryptin, and lipase?
amylase - aids in the digestion of carbs
tryptin - aids in the digestion of proteins
lipase - aids in the digestion of fats
What is a piece of information about hypoglycemia the nurse teach a client with diabetes? (list at least 2)
What is...
Wear identification bracelet informing of diagnosis
Make family/coworkers aware of diabetes status
Carry a form of simple sugar at all times
Refrain from eating high-calorie, high-fat desserts to treat hypoglycemia
Make MD aware of all hypoglycemia episodes
What are some examples of medications that treat this dysfunction? (list at least 1)
Insulin
Sulfonylureas
Common signs of this condition include excessive thirst, frequent urination and fruity-smelling breath...
DKA
This anti-convulsant medication has been known to aid in treating diabetic neuropathy pain...
What is Gabapentin?
What is insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin?
What are the treatments of hypoglycemia?
What is...
Conscious patient: 15g fast-acting carbohydrate
1/2c fruit juice, 2-3 glucose tablets, regular soda
Unconscious patient: 1mg glucagon via SQ/IM route
Hospitalized & NPO: 25-50mL D50W by IV
What are some nursing interventions for hyperglycemia? (list at least 2)
What is...
glucose monitoring, increased fluid intake, insulin administration, education on diet (low-sodium, low-sugar)
Common signs of this condition include dehydration, muscle weakness, confusion, fatigue, severe glucose levels above 600 mg/dL...
HHS
Maintaining Glucose levels includes 5 components including nutrition, monitoring, pharmacology, education and what else?
What is exercise?