Equality
What kind of equality did many states grant to freedpeople after emancipation?
Political equality
What were the names of the first two black cadets?
James Smith and Henry Flipper
What does “irregular warfare” refer to during the Civil War?
Conflict carried out by guerrillas, local militias, and civilians rather than organized armies.
What democratic principle suffered most during irregular warfare?
Civil trust — the belief that citizens share common rules and respect for law.
What kind of equality did whites resist?
Social equality
Which cadet completed school at the academy?
Flipper
Why did irregular warfare become so widespread in certain regions?
The breakdown of formal authority and divided local loyalties made civilian violence common.
How did local violence challenge the legitimacy of government?
It showed that state authority couldn’t maintain order or protect citizens from one another.
How did Masur say emancipation restructured, rather than erased, racial hierarchy?
ended slavery but preserved racial and social inequality through laws and customs
In what situation were white cadets scolded for balking at a social situation with the black cadets.
Dining
What distinguished irregular warfare from traditional battlefield combat?
It blurred lines between combatants and noncombatants — neighbors targeted neighbors.
How did irregular warfare reveal the limits of democracy under stress?
It exposed how quickly democratic norms collapse when political disagreement turns violent.
What was seen as a “zone of liberty and personal choice” that the government should not interfere with?
Social arena
How did the two cadets make it through these difficult situations?
Leaned on each other/ looked down on the poor behavior of the white cadets?
Which phrase captures the social collapse that occurred in these communities?
“When neighbors turn against neighbors,” representing the fragmentation of civic unity.
What is suggested about “loyalty” during the Civil War?
Loyalty became contested — not only to the Union or Confederacy, but within local communities themselves.