THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
How did the Renaissance influence the onset of the Reformation?
Ancient texts and the spread of knowledge spired people to question and challenge authority.
What is the name of the major document that Luther wrote?
The 95 Theses
The Augsburg confession was...
written to educate Catholics, unify the church, clarify theological commitments, and correct misrepresentations.
What were the 2 goals of the Catholic Counter Reformation?
The first goal was to strengthen the Catholic Church’s political and religious authority.
The second goal was to prevent people from joining non-Catholic churches like the Lutherans and Calvinists.
Explain the French Wars. Death Toll, Parties involved, how many wars, and how long did it last?
The French Wars of Religion involved French Catholics and French Protestants. There were 8 wars total that last for 36 years. 2-4 million people died.
What 3 complaints were made against the church?
Corruption (drinking and neglecting vows),Simony (the sale of religous office), and absenteeism (clergy not living in their parish).
Selling indulgences to finance the building of St. Peter's is wrong.
The pope has no power over Purgatory.
Buying indulgences gives people a false sense of security and endangers their salvation.
What was the confutation?
A response to the Confession of Augsburg refuting the Lutheran church.
Condemned 13 articles of the Augsburg Confession
Accepted 9 articles without qualifications
Approved 6 articles with qualifications
Analyzed the Augsburg Confession to identify areas of agreement and disagreement
What 3 major actions were taken during the counter reformation?
Ignatius Loyola created the Society of Jesuits
The Inquisition
Creation of the Index of Forbidden Books
What caused the French Wars?
The Reformation: The spread of Protestantism into France, where Catholicism was the dominant religion
Religious suspicion: Years of growing suspicion and sporadic violence between the two faiths
Factional disputes: Power struggles between aristocratic houses, such as the House of Bourbon and the House of Guise
Explain: “As soon as gold in the basin rings, right then the soul to Heaven springs.”
This quote references the sale of indulgences in the Catholic church.
An assembly in Germany references:
The Diet of Worms
Who passed the Act of Supremacy?
King Henry VIII
What was the Jesuits and who created them?
They were a religious order: "Society of Jesus", created by Ignasius Loyola that focused on combating Protestant Reformation through education.
How did St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre begin and end. Provide the death toll as well.
It was sparked by an assassination attempt on Gaspard de Coligny, a Huguenot leader and Admiral of France.
The massacre began with the targeted elimination of Huguenot leaders.
A wave of Catholic mob violence then followed, targeting the Protestant population in Paris and the provinces.
It ended with over 3,000 people dying in Paris and another 20,000+ Huguenots killed across France.
Define Huguenots
French Protestants
How did the Catholic Church respond to Luther's writings?
They issued a bull, threatened excommunication, summoned Luther to a Diet of Worms, and condemned Luther.
What did the Act of Supremacy do?
Separated England from the Roman Catholic Church and crowned King Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England.
How many inquisitions were there and what were the results?
There were 2 inquisitions, the Roman and Spanish inquisitions.
The Roman inquisition tried people for heresy, witchcraft, breaking church law, and being protestant.
The Spanish inquisition gave Jews and Muslims only 3 choices: leave, convert, or die. They also forced Jews into ghettos.
The Edict of Boulogne.
Ended the Fourth War of Religion, Granted limited religious freedom to the Huguenots in three cities: La Rochelle, Montauban, and Nîmes,.
Forbidden the Holy Communion in the homes of lords and Chief-justices.
Restricted the religious freedoms granted to the Huguenots after the first three wars of religion
Define censorship
The suppression or prohibition of information including books, news, and media.
Decree that banned Luther's writings, ordered Luther's arrest, and allowed the killing of Luther w/out consequence.
The Edict of Worms
Why was the Act of Supremacy passed?
So that King Henry could end his marriage with Queen Catherine to Mary Anne Boleyn.
What was the Council of Trent?
It was the clarification and redefining religious doctrines including addressing abuses, corruption, and financial abuse, as well as abolishing the sale of indulgences and regulating the training of priests.
The Edict of Nantes
Purpose: To end the bloodshed and war between the Protestants and Catholics.
Granted religious freedom to the Huguenots, Gave the Huguenots the right to work in any field or for the state, Allowed the Huguenots to bring grievances directly to the king, Granted the Huguenots amnesty for most crimes, guaranteed legal impartiality in the courts, Allowed Huguenots to return to France if they had emigrated.