Foundations of the Mind
This view, likened by T.H. Huxley to a steam-whistle on a locomotive, posits that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain but have no causal effect themselves.
What is an epiphenomenon?
Before becoming a physician, Freud's first published paper as a research scholar was on the gonadal structure of this aquatic creature.
What is the eel?
Introduced in 1923, this model divides the mind into the Id, Ego, and Superego.
What is the Structural Model?
In Object Relations Theory, this term refers to the mental representation of another person.
What is an object?
Hippolyte Bernheim, a leader of the Nancy School, was the first to coin this term for "suggestive therapeutics."
What is psychotherapy?
Coined by George E.P. Box, this famous aphorism suggests that theoretical constructs are valuable for their utility rather than their absolute accuracy.
What is "All models are wrong, but some are useful"?
This patient of Josef Breuer, whose real name was Bertha Pappenheim, famously coined the terms "talking cure" and "chimney sweeping."
Who was Anna O.?
This component of the mind, operating entirely unconsciously, is the source of pleasure-seeking motives known as drives.
What is the Id?
This British psychoanalyst and pediatrician developed the concepts of the "good enough mother" and the "holding environment."
Who was Donald Winnicott?
Freud considered his own work a narcissistic injury to mankind, comparable to the discoveries of these two scientific pioneers who displaced humanity from the center of the universe and from divine creation.
Who were Copernicus and Darwin?
This term describes a characteristic, like the "wetness" of water or consciousness itself, that arises from the complex interactions of a system's components but is not present in the individual parts.
What is an emergent property?
In Freud's topographic model, this mental province contains thoughts and feelings that can be easily brought to awareness with a simple act of attention.
What is the preconscious?
This mature defense mechanism involves deflecting a wish from its original aim to one that holds a higher social value, like becoming a surgeon to express aggressive impulses.
What is sublimation?
According to Melanie Klein, successful development is marked by the movement from this earlier psychic organization, characterized by splitting, to the depressive position.
What is the paranoid position?
In the topographic model, Freud defined this condition as the "return of the repressed," where unacceptable ideas are disguised in the form of symptoms.
What is neurosis?
This 18th-century German physician theorized that illness was caused by blockages in a universal cosmic fluid he called "animal magnetism."
Who was Franz Mesmer?
This primary process mechanism, often seen in dreams, involves a single idea representing many related ideas through symbolic association.
What is condensation?
In this "neurotic" defense, an individual transforms a forbidden wish into its opposite, such as expressing extreme homophobia to avoid awareness of one's own homosexual interests.
What is reaction formation?
In Self Psychology, this is the term for a person who is experienced as part of the self and who fulfills crucial functions for the self, like mirroring.
What is a selfobject?
According to Margaret Mahler, this final subphase of separation-individuation is the ability to maintain a positive feeling toward an object even in the face of frustration or anger.
What is object constancy?
This French neurologist, a teacher of Freud, was the first to propose that ideas outside of awareness, which he termed "subconscious fixed ideas," could be pathogenic.
Who was Jean-Martin Charcot?
Published in 1900, this book, which Freud considered his most important work, introduced the topographic model and his theory of dreams.
What is The Interpretation of Dreams?
This "primitive" defense mechanism involves transferring parts of the self onto another person to rid oneself of those parts and control the other from within.
What is projective identification?
According to Kohut, this developmental line expresses the innate striving for power and recognition and develops in interaction with a mirroring selfobject.
What is the grandiose self?
Formulated by Otto Kernberg, this term describes a level of personality organization characterized by the use of splitting and an inability to integrate good and bad aspects of the self and others.
What is Borderline Personality Organization (BPO)?