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in observational learning, the belief someone has in their ability to reproduce a certain behaviour
self-efficacy
the four-pronged model of observational learning
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits an unlearned, automatic response
unconditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, an unlearned, automatic response
unconditioned response
a previously neutral stimulus that, because of pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, now causes a conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
conditioned response
a type of classical conditioning in which a previously desirable or neutral food comes to be perceived as repugnant because it is associated with negative stimulation
taste aversion
in classical conditioning, the disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus no longer follows a conditioned stimulus
extinction
the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after some time has passed
spontaneous recovery
the tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli that have similar characteristics
generalization
a type of counterconditioning, used to treat phobias, in which a pleasant, relaxed state is associated with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
systematic desensitization
in classical conditioning, the ability to distinguish the conditioned stimulus from other stimuli that are similar
discrimination
in operant conditioning, an intervention used to treat maladaptive actions.
behaviour modification
a fear-reduction technique based on the principles of classical conditioning that involves exposing the individual to an intense amount of a harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished
flooding
a therapy procedure based on classical conditioning that replaces a negative response to a stimulus with a positive response
counter conditioning
a stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the frequency of that response
reinforcement
the predictability of the stimulus-response connection
contingency
in motivation, this occurs when observing someone else receiving a reward
vicarious reinforcement
encouraging stimuli that increase the frequency of a behavior when they are presented
positive reinforcers
unpleasant stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior when they are removed
negative reinforcers
a timetable for when and how often reinforcement for a particular behavior occurs
schedule of reinforcement
the reinforcement of a desired response every time it occurs
continuous reinforcement
a type of conditioned learning in which only some of the responses are reinforced
partial reinforcement
in operant conditioning, a procedure in which reinforcement guides behavior toward closer approximations of the desired goal
shaping
the sequential occurrence or proximity of stimulus and response, causing their association
contiguity