Causes
Worldliness and corruption within the Church and political conflict between the pope and European monarchs
What are the two main causes for the Protestant Reformation?
A German monk who was condemned by the Catholic Church and established the first Protestant church, kicking off the Reformation.
Who was Martin Luther?
A mystic (a person deeply devoted to religion and who has spiritual experiences) who began having visions of Jesus when she was a child, wrote numerous letters about spiritual life, showed people they could lead spiritual lives beyond the usual customs of the Church, emphasized personal experience of God more than formal observance of Church practices, and was declared a saint by the Catholic Church after her death.
Who was Catherine of Siena?
How did the Protestant Reformation influence the development of democracy and individual rights?
The Protestant Reformation challenged the authority of traditional institutions, including the Catholic Church and monarchies, and promoted the idea of individual rights and freedoms.
What happened to Europe after the spread of the Protestant Reformation?
The fragmentation of Christianity into different denominations and sects, such as Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, and others
Grants by the Catholic Church that people could pay to release them from punishment for sins and raised money for the church
What are indulgences?
1) Salvation was achieved through faith alone and not through good works or indulgences
2) The priesthood of all believers, where all people could have a direct relationship with God without the need for intermediaries like priests.
What were Martin Luther's key beliefs?
The King of England, who established the Church of England (the Anglican Church) in response to the pope's refusal to grant him a divorce from his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon, and because he no longer wanted to share power and wealth with the Church. He closed down Catholic monasteries in England and took their riches.
Who was Henry VIII?
How did monarchs respond to the Catholic Church after the Protestant Reformation?
The fragmentation of political power in Europe, as monarchs broke away from the authority of the Catholic Church and established their own state churches
How were people effected by the Protestant Reformation?
The questioning of the authority of the Catholic Church and the Pope, leading to the rise of individualism and the emphasis on personal interpretation of the Bible. The spread of education.
Worldliness and corruption within the Church (including the selling of indulgences, simony, clergy breaking their vows and ignoring Christian values, and Church leaders who behaved like royalty instead of God's servants) and political conflict between the pope and European monarchs (a problem for monarchs because the Church claimed that its clergy were independent of political rulers' control).
What are the main causes of the Protestant Reformation?
What was Luther's main objection to the Catholic Church?
A French humanist who established a Protestant group in Geneva, Switzerland, and whose book, Institutes of the Christian Religion, became one of the most influential works of the Reformation. He believed that salvation came only from God's grace and is known for his doctrine of predestination.
Who was John Calvin?
As a result of the Protestant Reformation, what happened to the Church's power?
The decline in the power of the papacy, as the Catholic Church struggled to maintain its authority in the face of Protestant challenges
Describe the Counter Reformation in your own words.
The Counter Reformation, also known as the Catholic Reformation, refers to the period of Catholic resurgence in response to the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. The Counter Reformation aimed to address the issues raised by the Protestants and to reform the Catholic Church, while also combatting the spread of Protestantism and consolidating Catholic authority. The Counter Reformation included efforts such as the Council of Trent, the formation of new religious orders, the establishment of seminaries, and the expansion of missionary work.
The invention that made it easier, faster, and cheaper to produce and distribute printed materials, which allowed Protestant ideas to spread more quickly and widely, facilitated the translation of the Bible into local languages, and made it easier for people to access and interpret scripture for themselves, which ultimately helped undermine the Catholic Church's monopoly on religious authority.
What is the printing press?
What was the significance of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses?
A Dutch priest and humanist who wanted to reform the Church from within and return to simple Christian goodness. He published the book The Praise of Folly, a sharply worded satire of society including abuses by clergy, and angrily denied that he was a Protestant who wanted to break away from the Catholic Church, yet his attacks on the Church's corruption contributed to many people's desire to leave Catholicism.
Who was Desiderius Erasmus?
How did the Protestant Reformation impact the relationship between church and state?
The Protestant Reformation challenged the traditional relationship between church and state, as Protestantism emphasized the authority of the Bible and the individual's direct relationship with God. This led to conflicts with Catholic monarchs who claimed authority over religious matters. Protestantism also promoted the idea of the priesthood of all believers, which challenged the Catholic Church's hierarchy and authority. The resulting conflicts often led to political upheaval and wars between religious factions.
What was the purpose of the Council of Trent?
The Council of Trent was an emergency conference to fight against the new ideas spread by the Protestant Reformation. They also wanted to regain the political and religious authority of the Catholic Church. Fearful that the Catholic Church could be destroyed by the new Protestant ideas, the Catholic Church was willing to do whatever it needed to survive and spread the Catholic Church. The Council of Trent was a chance for church leaders to coordinate and plan their attack on the anti-Catholic Church ideas.
Martin Luther nailed these to the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church, beginning the Protestant Reformation.
What are the 95 Theses?
What impact did Luther have on the Protestant Reformation?
A Catholic priest in Zurich, Switzerland, who was influenced by Erasmus and Luther. He persuaded the local government to ban any form of worship that was not based on the Bible and attacked the worship of relics, saints, and images. In the Protestant churches he founded, there were no religious statues or paintings, and services were very simple, without music or singing.
Who is Huldrych Zwingli?
How did the Protestant Reformation affect the political landscape of Europe?
The Protestant Reformation had significant political effects, as it led to the fragmentation of the Catholic Church's authority and the rise of Protestant states. The Reformation challenged the power of the Holy Roman Empire, as some Protestant states broke away from the empire and formed their own governments. Additionally, the Reformation contributed to the growth of nationalism in Europe, as people identified more with their own language and culture than with the Catholic Church or the Holy Roman Empire.
How did the Catholic Church gain, consolidate, and maintain power?
The Inquisition, the Index of Forbidden books, and missionary work.