Filthy Heretics
A German theologian of the 16th Century. Wrote a 95 point critique of the Catholic Church in 1517 AD, and was excommunicated for questioning Christian Dogma.
Martin Luther
Define: The Wars of Religion (Without the Entries)
A series of wars between the Catholics and the Protestants of various nations between the 16th and 17th Centuries.
Dubbed “The most unfortunate of Popes”, was Head of the Catholic Church from 1523 AD to 1534 AD. Was captured by Charles V in his dispute with Francis I of France when Charles sacked Rome. During his imprisonment, was not able to rule in Henry VIII’s favor, nor was he free to address Martin Luther during his early Papacy.
Pope Clement VII
The first wife of King Henry VIII, daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain, Aunt to Charles V. Had a single daughter, Mary I Tudor. Divorced by Henry in 1533 AD
Catherine of Aragon
Define: The Reformation
An era of Catholic Church history in which discontent with the power and corruption in the hierarchy of the Church led to calls for reform and religious schisms in northern and western Europe.
A French theologian of the 16th Century. Wrote The Institutes of Christian Religion which was the basis for The Divine Right of Kings and spiritual predestination. Helped establish the Presbyterian, Reformed, and Congregationalist Churches during the Reformation
John Calvin
Who was Suleiman the Magnificent? (Both Points)
The greatest Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Came the closest to defeating the Hapsburgs and conquering Christian Europe for Islam.
Holy Roman Emperor during the early years of the Protestant Reformation. His aunt was married to King Henry VIII. His principal rival was Suleiman The Magnificent.
Emperor Charles V
Who was Anne Boleyn? (All 4 points)
The second wife of King Henry VIII
A minor English noble
She had a single daughter, Elizabeth I Tudor
Executed for Treason and Witchcraft in 1536 AD.
Define: Protestestantism
A major branch of Christianity that originated in the 16th century during the Reformation, rejecting the authority of the Pope and emphasizing the Bible as the sole source of religious authority (Sola Scriptura)
The second Tudor King, and sovereign of England. Initially criticised Martin Luther but became the leader of the Anglican Church. Seized Church property and appointed himself Head of the English Church. Reigned from 1509 AD - 1547 AD
Henry VIII
Who were the elite slave-soldiers of the Ottoman Empire. Taken from captive Orthodox populations from a young age, brainwashed into becoming Muslims, and forced into military schools to serve the Padishah Sultans
The Janissaries/Janissary
An official Imperial Council headed by Charles V, interviewed and ultimately called on Martin Luther to recant his heretical views. Martin Luther refused, leading to his being declared a Heretic and excommunicated in 1521 AD.
The Council of Worms
Who was Jane Seymore? (All 4 points)
The third wife of King Henry VIII
A minor English noble
She had a single son, Edward VI Tudor
She died due to complications from childbirth in 1537 AD
Define: Lutheranism
Officially founded in 1517 with the posting of the 95 Theses by Martin Luther. Espouses Sola Scriptura (Bible alone), Sola Fide (Salvation through Faith alone), Sola Gratia (God’s Grace is sole source of Salvation and cannot be earned), and Sola Christus (Christ alone may intercede for Humanity)
An academic paper originally meant for discussion within theological circles. Contained many statements of faith and disputes against Church practices, mainly indulgences and from where grace and forgiveness flows from. Originally posted Oct. 31st, 1517 AD, officially the beginning of the Reformation
The 95 Theses of Martin Luther
Who were the elite Swiss and Southern German mercenaries known for their use of pikes, matchlock muskets, and the Zweihander longswords. Famous for their defense of Vienna during the First Siege.
Landskneckt
The first in 1539 AD and the second in 1559 AD, formally severed the ties of the Anglican Church and placed the English monarch at the Head of the English Church.
Acts of Supremacy
The last Catholic monarch of England, also known for her brutal repression of the Protestants. She died childless, leaving the Throne to her half sister Elizabeth I. Reigned from 1553 AD - 1558 AD
Mary I (Bloody Mary) Tudor
Define: Calvinism
A Protestant theological system emphasizing the Sovereignty of God, Double Predestination, and Irresistible Grace.
Considered one of the most important works in Protestant Theology, published in 1536 AD. Stressed the absolute Supremacy of God, and was the basis of “The Divine Right of Kings”. It also stressed the belief in ‘double predestination’ - meaning God chooses who will be saved, and who will be condemned.
The Institutes of Christian Religion
The Spanish plan to remove Elizabeth I Tudor from the throne after she put Mary Queen of Scots to death. By sending an Armada to secure the English Channel, the Spanish hoped to clear the way for an invasion force. This failed when the English employed Fire-Ships and destroyed the Armada.
The English Enterprise
Who were the Hapsburgs? Which nations did they rule, and who were the two main members of that family in this unit?
DAILY DOUBLE!!
The ruling family of Holy Roman Empire
Ruled Austria-Hungary and Spain
Charles V and Catherine of Aragon.
Who was Elizabeth 1 Tudor? (Must have at least 4 of 6 points)
The last Tudor monarch
“Queen Bess”, or “The Virgin Queen”
Never married
She led England during its Golden Age, sponsoring arts, science
Expanded and secured English dominance at sea.
Reigned from 1558 AD - 1603 AD
Define: Anglicanism
The National Protestant Church of England, headed by the English monarch. Incorporated Catholic and Lutheran rites.
Who were the Hugenouts? (Must have all 4 points)
French Protestants
Belong to a Reformed Church (Calvinists)
Were granted equality with Catholics in France
Suppressed in the French Civil Wars.
Organized in 1555, it was the first treaty that outlined a way for Lutheran and Catholic Germanic City-States and Principalities in the Holy Roman Empire to coexist. Calvinists were deliberately excluded from the Treaty
Peace of Augsburg
Define: Colony
A town or city established as a trade port or resource production center for a nation.
Acting with the approval of Elizabeth I, conducted commerce raiding on Spanish trade vessels in the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Pacific Oceans in the late 1500's to early 1600's.
Pirates/Piracy
Define: Counter Reformation
Beginning with the Council of Trent and ending with the Spanish War of Succession. A period of time in which the Catholic Church went through internal reformations to address the concerns and reverse the losses of believers to Protestantism.