Martin Luther
What question was Martin Luther trying to answer?
“What must I do to be saved?”
Who started the reformation movement Zwingli?
Ulrich Zwingli (OOL-rikh TSFING-lee) (1484–1531)
Name Charles V 2 main problems?
Ottomans and Protestants
What is a confession?
One of the seven sacrament of the Catholic Church. It provided for the forgiveness of sins with a priest.
What did Catholic doctrine emphasize?
Catholic doctrine emphasized good works to achieve salvation.
What are Luther’s 95 theses? Name one.
21. Hence those preachers of Indulgences are wrong when they say that a man is absolved and saved from every penalty by the Pope’s Indulgences.
95. Christians should be exhorted to seek earnestly to follow Christ, their Head, through penalties, deaths, and hells.
Name 2 tenants of Zwinglianism
1. The city council abolished relic and images, removed all paintings and decoration from the churches and replaced them with whitewashed walls.
2. They looked to the state to supervise the church. (page 380)
Who is Henry VIII? How many wives did he have?
Six wives! His last wife was Catherine Parr, who married the king in 1543 and outlived him. Henry was succeeded by the underage and sickly Edward VI (1547–1553), the son of his third wife.
What are indulgences?
An expensive piece of paper - remission of part or all punishment in purgatory due to sin.
What are the seven Catholic sacraments? Name one.
How was Luther’s movement closely tied to political affairs?
Luther, who knew how much his reformation of the church depended on the full support of the German princes and magis- trates, supported the rulers, although he also blamed them for helping to set off the rebellion by their earlier harsh treatment of the peasants.
To Luther, the state and its rulers were ordained by God and given the authority to maintain the peace and order necessary for the spread of the Gospel.
Name 2 tenants of Anabaptism
1. Anabaptists advocated adult rather than infant baptism
2. Adhering to the accounts of early Christian communities, they followed a strict sort of democracy in which all believers were considered equal.
3. Anabaptists, who called themselves ‘‘Christians’’ or ‘‘Saints,’’ accepted that they would have to suffer for their faith.
4. The Lord’s Supper was interpreted as a remembrance, a meal of fellowship celebrated in the evening in private houses according to Jesus’s example.
5. Unlike the Catholics and other Protestants, most Anabaptists only was government to be excluded from the realm of religion, but it was not even supposed to exercise political jurisdiction over real Christians. Human law had no power over those whom God had saved. Anabaptists refused to hold political office or bear arms
Who was Queen Elizabeth I?
The daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth had had a difficult early life.
After the death of Queen Mary in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth (1558–1603) ascended the throne of England.
England rose to prominence as the relatively small island kingdom became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe, laid the foundations for a world empire, and experienced a cultural renaissance
Predestination
God had predestined some people to be saved (the elect) and others to be damned (the reprobate).
Christian humanists wanted to use their knowledge of the classical to serve ________.
The church and community.
Name two tenants of Lutheranism.
Salvation is by faith alone. Confession It provided for the forgiveness of sins with a priest.
Indulgences: remission of part or all punishment in purgatory due to sin.
Who started Calvinism? Name two tenants of Calvinism.
John Calvin
Who said, ‘I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men, and German to my horse."
Charles I, king of Spain, who was elected Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V. (page 377)
Calvin's three tests for salvation.
an open profession of faith, a ‘‘decent and godly life,’’ and participation in the sacraments of baptism and communion.
Civil Humanists wanted to use their classical education to serve the _______
State.
Who did Martin Luther marry?
Married former nun, Katherina Von Bora. His union provided a model of married and family life for the new Protestant minister.
Who is Thomas Morre?
Northern Humanist. Felt similarly to Italian civic humanists that classical, and even Christian education needed to be served and used for reform through the state.
What is the Schmalkaldic League? (page 379)
8 princes and 11 imperial cities—all Lutheran—formed a defensive alliance. These Protestant German states vowed to assist each other ‘‘whenever any one of us is attacked on account of the Word of God and the doctrine of the Gospel.’’ Religion was dividing the empire into two armed camps.
Transubstantiation
Which taught that the substance of the bread and wine consumed in the rite is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus.
How did the reformation start in England?
The English Reformation was initiated by King Henry VIII (1509–1547), who wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she had failed to produce a male heir.