Christian Humanism
Who was the best-known Christian humanist?
Desiderius Erasmus
Who was Martin Luther?
A German monk and professor who initiated the Protestant Reformation by challenging Church practices.
What was the Peace of Augsburg?
A treaty that formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany in 1555.
What is Calvinism?
A branch of Protestantism founded by John Calvin that emphasized predestination and a strict moral code.
What sparked the Catholic Reformation?
The loss of followers to Protestantism and calls for reform within the Church.
What did Christian humanists believe about reform?
They believed that human beings could improve themselves through education and the study of the Bible
What was the Ninety-five Theses?
A document that criticized the sale of indulgences and other Church practices, posted by Luther in 1517.
Why did Charles V oppose the Reformation?
He wanted to maintain Catholic unity and control over his empire.
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
A Swiss priest who introduced Protestant reforms in Zürich
Who founded the Jesuits?
Ignatius of Loyola.
Why did Christian humanists call for Church reform?
They sought to return to simpler forms of Christianity and criticized the moral state of the Church
Where and when did Luther post his Theses?
At the Castle Church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517.
What did the Peace of Augsburg allow?
It allowed German states to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.
What role did John Calvin play?
He became a key figure in the Reformation, establishing a theocracy in Geneva and spreading Calvinist ideas.
What was the Council of Trent?
A meeting of Church leaders that reaffirmed Catholic doctrines in response to the Reformation.
How did Erasmus contribute to the Reformation?
Erasmus criticized Church abuses and called for a return to simpler Christianity in his works, especially "The Praise of Folly."
Why was Luther excommunicated?
He refused to recant his teachings and was declared an outlaw for opposing the Church's authority.
Who opposed Charles V's rule?
Lutheran princes and other reformers in the Holy Roman Empire.
How did Anabaptists differ from other Protestants?
They believed in adult baptism and a complete separation of church and state.
How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation?
By implementing reforms, establishing new religious orders, and reaffirming traditional teachings.
What was the main goal of Christian humanism?
To reform the Catholic Church by promoting a more sincere religious life through education
What is the concept of justification by faith?
The belief that faith alone, not good works, is sufficient for salvation.
How did the Peace of Augsburg affect Christianity in Germany?
It established legal rights for Lutheran states alongside Catholic ones.
What were the consequences of the English Reformation?
It led to the establishment of the Church of England and significant political and religious changes in England.
What were the reforms called during the Counter-Reformation?
The Catholic Reformation or Counter-Reformation reforms initiated by the Church.