Breathing
Thin-walled structures in the lungs where gas exchange happens
Alveoli
Highly folded finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that increase its surface area for absorption.
Microvilli
J-shaped organ responsible for chemical and mechanical digestion and propulsion of ingested food.
Stomach
The sum of the body’s chemical reactions.
Metabolism
A series of reactions that do not require oxygen, taking place in the cytosol, resulting in the splitting of glucose
Glycolysis
The portion of the respiratory tract that contains alveoli and so participates in gas exchange.
Respiratory Zone
Double folds of visceral peritoneum located around certain abdominal organs, such as the small and large intestines.
Mesentery (Mesenteries)
A tubular organ in the posterior thoracic cavity that transmits food from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
A nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups; the main energy currency of human cells.
ATP
A cycle of eight reactions that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix during which sugars are oxidized and ATP and reduced electron carriers are generated.
Citric Acid Cycle
Laboratory instrument that measures volumes of air exchanged with ventilation.
Spirometer
A cell type within the stomach’s gastric glands that secretes the inactive enzyme pepsinogen.
Chief Cells
The small, hollow organ on the posterior side of the liver that stores, concentrates, and releases bile.
Gallbladder
The breaking-down phase of metabolism, where the body degrades complex molecules.
Catabolism
In the inner mitochondrial membrane, a group of electron carriers through which electrons are passed to oxygen to make metabolic water and most of our ATP.
Electron Transport Chain
Produced by type II alveolar cells, this chemical reduces surface tension in the alveoli
Surfactant
A liquid mixture that results from the stomach churning a bolus and mixing it with gastric juice.
Chyme
Large organ in the right upper quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity; functions include diverse metabolic activities, filtering blood, and bile production.
Liver
A reaction that requires energy to proceed.
Endergonic
Products of lipid catabolism that a cell can catabolize to form two molecules of acetyl-CoA and participate in the Citric Acid Cycle
Ketone Bodies
A condition of abnormal breathing.
Dyspnea
A liquid required for the digestion and absorption of lipids.
Bile
An endocrine and exocrine organ located inferior and posterior to the stomach; secretes enzymes and other products for digestion and the hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.
Pancreas
The monosaccharide used as the primary fuel by most cells in the body
Glucose
Process in the liver and muscles where amino groups are removed from amino acids, allowing the carbon skeleton to enter the Citric Acid Cycle to make ATP
Transamination