Busy Old Fool,
Unruly Sun
Heresy and Revolution
Scientific Progress Goes Boink!
New Horizons in Science
100
This, above all else, contributed to the development of the Scientific Revolution.
What is the view that the physical world was governed by mathematical principals?
100
Why were most astronomers and experts so hasty to agree with Copernicus' ideas about Heliocentrism?
Since the idea of Geocentrism was so rooted in classical philosophy, and much of the scientific and religious teachings were based in such ideas, it set a precedent that all knowledge up to that point was incorrect and misguided.
100
One of Galileos major discoveries and how that contributed to the notion of the Copernican model of the Universe.
Galileo, using his telescope, first observed that four of Jupiter's moons rotated around her. This gave credence to Copernicus' model of the Universe of how the Earth rotated around our sun.
100
Over time, what was the concept that human beings developed to ultimately attempt to understand the physical world around them?
What is the scientific method?
100
This Classical physician created the basis for what Medieval doctors learned medicine from. What were some of the major downfalls of this person's observations?
Who is Galen? Galen suffered from an overall lack of understanding of human anatomy. This would eventually lead to the use of the scientific method in understanding medicine as well as other physical sciences.
200
Until the Renaissance, many people believed in this model of how the universe operated.
What is the geocentric model (the universe and sun rotated around the Earth)?
200
This nobleman, astronomer, and amateur scientist, in his attempt to bridge Copernican and Ptolemaic models of the Universe, attempted to develop a geo-heliocentric model which bridge the gap between the two models of how the universe operated. However, his findings mathematically correlated more with the Heliocentric model of the Universe.
Who is Tycho Brahe?
200
Why was Galileo and Copernicus' ideas about the Heliocentric model so offensive to the established belief system about how the universe operated?
Mainstream scholars and the Church were so invested in the idea of a Geocentric model that any deviation or contradiction was seen as abject heresy against the established system.
200
This portion of the scientific method required scientists to formulate a reasonable and scientific explanation to their ideas and eventually try to prove them through further observation and experimentation.
What is a hypothesis?
200
This physician published "On the Structure of the Human Body," the world's first accurate and scientific study of human anatomy.
Who is Andreas Vesalius?
300
The Geocentric model was posited by many historical philosophers from the Classical Era. Some examples of these philosophers would be:
Who is Ptolemy and Aristotle?
300
Brahe's assistant, following his own death, mathematically confirmed the Copernican model of the universe and set about developing the laws of planetary motion, derived from both Brahe and Copernicus' findings.
Who is Johannes Kepler?
300
Looking back at the Classical works of Plato, what was one major belief he advocated that falls in line with current scientific doctrine?
The belief that the veil of simple human experience should be transcended by looking further into the evidence; using mathematics as the ultimate measuring stick of the universe.
300
Critical thinking: Is there a difference between hypothesis and theory? If so, what are they?
Theories are generally extensively researched, and tested, and accepted, while hypothesis are typically guesses that are yet to be tested or quantifiably proven.
300
Name some notable scientists and thinkers that advanced medical knowledge and list their achievements.
- Ambroise Pare: Invented ointments for the prevention of infection, developed new surgical techniques (suturing over cauterization, phantom pain for amputees originated in brain - not limbs, dealing with breech births), introduced the use of artificial limbs, and invented several scientific instruments (lancets to aid in the teething of infants). - William Harvey: Described the circulation of blood throughout the body for the first time. - Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Used a microscope to become the first human to view cells and microorganisms.
400
This Polish scholar first identified the Heliocentric model (Earth, or in this case, the universe, rotates around the sun) in his paper "On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres."
Who is Nicholas Copernicus?
400
Kepler discovered that planets and heavenly bodies do not move in a perfect circle, but rather in this oval-shaped orbit:
What is an ellipse?
400
These two great thinkers upturned the scientific community by preaching that truth should not be known at the beginning of inquiry, but rather, unraveled following a process of investigation.
Who are Francis Bacon and Renee Descartes?
400
One of the most important aspects of the scientific method.
What is repeatability through experimentation?
400
This English chemist, in the 1600s, created models on how chemical elements and compounds reacted predictably under certain circumstances; distinguished individual elements and chemical compounds. He viewed chemicals as the basic building blocks of the physical world and formulated ideas on how pressure and temperature affected gases.
Who is Robert Boyle?
500
What system falls more in line with our modern understanding of the Universe today?
Modern science generally follows a modified Heliocentric model. We do not believe that the universe revolves around the Sun, but rather, the Earth, as part of a larger system, revolves around the center of our galaxy (The Milky Way).
500
This Italian astronomer is best known for developing telescopes to view the heavens with more depth and precision.
Who is Galileo Galilei?
500
How did Bacon and Descartes differ in their fundamental belief systems?
Bacon stressed observation and experimentation as the means to achieve answers while Descartes based his philosophy on human reasoning as the avenue to understanding man's physical world around him.
500
This was Descartes' 1637 seminal work, based on human logic as the most important element in understanding the physical universe. The work contains his famous quote: "I think, therefore I am."
What is "Discourse on Method" or "Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences" or "Discours de la méthode pour bien conduire sa raison, et chercher la vérité dans les sciences" (French).
500
Who was Isaac Newton and how did his observations contribute to the scientific community as a whole?
Newton's observations about the physical world were mathematically modeled and could adequately predict how objects reacted given proper motivation. He is responsible, not only for the theory of Gravity, but also how motion and reaction played into the the field of physics. In addition, he created the mathematical branch of Calculus, which he could use to explain his scientific findings. Calculus, Gravitational theory, and Newtonian laws of motion are still in wide acceptance to this day.
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