Neurons
Name the three (3) different types of neurotransmitters
Ach, biogenic amines, amino-acid based
T or F - Humans have more olfactory receptors than aquatic reptiles.
True, humans live on land while aquatic reptiles live primarily in water.
T or F: At rest, zero glutamate is being released from hair cells.
False, a little bit of glutamate is being released at rest.
Where are taste receptors found in the body?
Mouth and small intestine
The ______ focuses light onto the ______.
A "bridge" or "tunnel" directly connecting two adjacent neurons that allows the action potential to flow from one membrane to the next
Which cell types help organize olfactory signals?
Glomerular, paraglomerular, mitral, tuffed
What three things influence our balance?
Vision, proprioception, vestibular system
T or F: Taste receptor cells contain more than one taste receptor type.
False, taste receptor cells only express one taste receptor protein type (ex: a taste receptor cell could express the protein for salty or sweet, but not both)
__________ cells send action potentials from potoreceptors to the brain.
Retinal ganglion
List and Define three different types of glial cells.
Astrocytes surround and aid synapses, ependymal cells produce cerebrospinal fluid, satellite cells can become different types of glial cells, microglia help in brain immune response, oligodendrocytes and schwann cells help with myelination
What does a 'graded response' mean?
What is the purpose of having taste receptors?
To detect and measure macro/micronutrient intake (remember energy balance) and protect our bodies from toxic/spoiled foods
Where are rods and cones oriented on the retina?
S, M, L wavelength cones are located around the fovea, rods are located around the periphery of the retina
If the intracellular Cl- concentration is 20 mmol/l and the extracellular Cl- concentration is 170 mmol/l, what is the equilibrium potential and EDF for Chloride? (Mem pot = -70)
-56 and 14
Humans have _____ types of olfactory receptors that detect _______ of scents.
400, thousands
Where are high frequencies and low frequencies of sound detected along the cochlea?
Why do humans today crave salt?
Unimodal association areas compare different aspects of the same sense while multimodal areas compare a singal with other sensory systems and memories
Explain axonal transport 1) Why must it happen 2) What are the two types 3) Which uses kinesin and which uses dynein?
1) Synthesis of necessary materials can only happen at the two ends of a neuron, so materials must be sent back and forth along the axon 2) Anterograde and retrograde 3) Ant - kinesin, retro - dynein
What is unique about olfactory receptors?
They bind to the same types of odors but with different affinities
Why is the round window of the cochlea important?
Why is flavor different from taste?
Our interpretation of flavor is more complex than comparing the outputs of 7 taste receptors; it incorporates retronasal smell, memory/expectation, emotions, texture, and heat signals
Explain the midget, blue, and diffuse pathways in bipolar cells.
Midget- L wave cone surrounded by only M wave cone (vice versa). Blue - S wave cone surrounded by M and L wave cone. Diffuse - array of cones oriented around each other.