Indian Tribes
This nomadic tribe became excellent horsemen and raiders, later making peace with the Spanish after Governor Juan Bautista de Anza’s attack in Colorado.
Who are the Comanches?
This man was the first royal governor who ordered buildings and called the settlement San Gabriel (later Santa Fe).
Who is Don Pedro de Peralta?
The town council set up by the governor was called this (Spanish term).
What is el cabildo?
This road connected Mexico City to Santa Fe and brought manufactured goods every few years.
What is El Camino Real?
In what year did the Pueblo Revolt successfully drive the Spanish out of Santa Fe?
What is 1680?
These hunters used every part of the buffalo and sold jerky and buffalo tongues as trade goods; they are called by this Spanish name.
What are ciboleros (buffalo hunters)?
These Spanish ranch hands, skilled horsemen who practiced roping and branding, trace their traditions to Spain and Portugal.
Who are vaqueros?
The cabildo included four councilmen whose title was this (Spanish term)
What are regidores?
Name one type of manufactured good the settlers relied on from Spain and one raw material the colonies exported back.
Example manufactured good from Spain: tools, clothing, religious items; raw export: silver, turquoise, hides, wool, crops.
After the Spanish were driven out, who led the reconquest in 1692 and was later noted for pardoning many Indians?
Who is Don Diego de Vargas?
This Pueblo shaman organized the 1680 uprising known as the Pueblo Revolt.
Who is Popé?
List two goods that Spanish settlers commonly sold or traded that came from Native American labor or manufacture.
Examples: Indian blankets, jewelry, clothing, manufactured goods produced by Native labor or slaves.
Give three duties of the regidores (cabildo councilmen).
Distribute land; make laws; collect taxes; supervise trade; provide for town safety; serve as judges. (Any three.)
Explain how the Camino Real affected Santa Fe’s economy and list one reason trade trips were infrequent (about every three years).
Camino Real supplied goods every ~3 years, so Santa Fe depended on long, risky caravan trips; infrequent because of distance, difficult terrain, and security risks.
Name two consequences for Pueblo communities after the Spanish returned and reestablished control by the 1690s.
Examples: many Pueblo communities were weakened by disease and raids; Spanish reestablished colonial government and missions; some buildings remained but Pueblos lost population and control—any two.
Name two groups that moved into the region by 1700 and often raided Pueblo and Spanish villages.
Who are the Utes and the Comanches?
Describe one way Spanish colonial homes and public buildings in Santa Fe blended Spanish and Pueblo building styles (name materials or features).
Use of adobe bricks, rocks, and vigas (logs) as ceiling beams; Pueblo-style flat roofs and shared courtyards.
What was an encomienda and how did it affect Native American labor and land use?
An encomienda was a grant by the Spanish crown giving colonists the right to collect labor and tribute from native people; it often forced natives to farm land and led to conflict and resentment.
What was an acequia and why was it essential to colonial agriculture? Include the Spanish term for the main ditch.
An acequia is an irrigation canal; the main ditch is the acequia madre; it provided shared irrigation water for crops and required community maintenance.
Explain how competing power between priests (Franciscans) and colonial governors affected Native Americans (give one example of conflict and its impact).
Example: Franciscans tried to impose Christianity and "Hispanize" natives (banning rituals, destroying religious objects) while governors sometimes focused on settlement and defense—this created resentment and intermittent uprisings like the Pueblo Revolt.
During the Pueblo Revolt, Pueblo people briefly drove the Spanish out. Explain two major reasons the Pueblo Indians rebelled (give two distinct causes).
Possible answers: forced religious suppression, banning rituals and destruction of sacred objects; drought and smallpox epidemic; loss of land from encomienda—any two.
Explain the role of haciendas and how they differed from the small family farms in 18th-century New Mexico.
Haciendas were large farms (estates) producing for market and often using laborers; small farms were family plots growing food for subsistence and local sale.
Describe the land grant system after reconquest: who received land grants and one social consequence for Pueblo communities.
— Land grants were given to soldiers and settlers (individuals and groups); consequence: Pueblo communities lost control of traditional lands though some community grants were later made in the 1700s.
Describe two ways the Taos Trade Fair shows the economic relationships among Spanish, Pueblo, and nomadic tribes (give two specific traded items or practices).
Examples: Spanish traded metal tools and woolen goods; Pueblos traded crops and pottery; nomads traded hides and buffalo robes — the fair allowed trade despite conflicts and temporary truces.
Describe how disease and raids affected Pueblo population between early contact and 1800; include an estimate of population decline mentioned in the content.
Example: Population decline from about 40,000 before Spanish contact to around 10,000 by 1800 due to disease (smallpox) and raids by Apaches, Navajos, Comanches, and Utes.