Government and Administration
What was the governing institution in Seville that oversaw colonial trade and legal matters?
Casa de la Contratación
What was the term for people of mixed European and indigenous ancestry?
Mestizos
What was the most profitable economic activity in the Spanish colonies?
Mining, particularly gold and silver
What was the dominant religion in the Spanish colonies?
Catholicism
What was one way indigenous people resisted Spanish rule?
Protests, rebellions, or maintaining native languages.
What was the name of the advisory body that helped the Spanish monarch make decisions about the colonies?
Council of the Indies
What was the highest social class in the colonies, composed of people born on the Iberian Peninsula?
Spanish Peninsulares
What term describes plantations that focused on cultivating a single crop?
Monoculture
What process forced indigenous people to adopt Spanish culture and Christianity?
Acculturation
What religious authority was established to promote Christianity and control indigenous populations?
Dioceses, led by bishops
Who were the Spanish officials in charge of ruling the viceroyalties in the Americas?
Viceroys
Who were the enslaved individuals that performed agricultural, mining, and domestic labor?
Slaves
What was the main purpose of trade in the Spanish colonies?
To export raw materials and precious metals to Spain while importing manufactured goods.)
What types of institutions helped spread European culture in the colonies?
Universities and the printing press
Why did escaped slaves form palenques?
It was difficult for them to gain freedom, so they created their own free towns.
Name one of the two viceroyalties created in the 18th century as part of Bourbon reforms
Viceroyalty of New Granada or Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
What was the term for escaped slaves who established their own communities?
Palenques
What agricultural products were sent from Spain to the colonies?
Wheat, grapevines, olives, mulberry trees, coffee
Name one native language that continued to be spoken in the Spanish colonies.
Quechua, Guarani, Nahuatl
What social class benefited the most from Spanish rule and controlled the highest positions?
Spanish Peninsulares
What institution was moved to Cádiz in 1790 to control smuggling and accommodate large ships?
Casa de la Contratación
Why did Creoles start demanding reforms and become discontent with Spanish rule?
They were banned from government and military positions despite being of European descent
Why did smuggling become common in the colonies?
Trade was exploitative, focusing on exports to Spain rather than fulfilling local needs.
What was a common urban planning design used in Spanish colonial cities?
Orthogonal grid with a central square and straight streets
How did the ideas of the Enlightenment influence Creoles in the colonies?
They encouraged demands for reform and inspired independence movements