First Line of Defense
Skin and mucous membranes are considered?
Structural/Mechanical barriers
The second line of defense is comprised of:
Phagocytosis, fever, inflammation, interferon production, and the complement system
Humoral immunity is also called ________;
B cells are responsible for producing antibodies and the targets include extracellular bacteria, viruses, some fungi, and protozoa
antibody-mediated immunity
Comprised of?
innate, nonspecific defenses
and
adaptive, specific defenses
T/F
Phagocytes actively attack and dismantle foreign cells with a wide variety of antimicrobial substances including lysozyme, phospholipase, proteases, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and nitric oxide
True
What role do hair follicles play in the first line of defense?
Hair is shed periodically, removing bacteria that have colonized the hair
The five major types of white blood cells are:
Macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, and lymphocytes.
T cells are responsible for ______ immunity;
Deals with viruses and other pathogens that have already penetrated host cells (intracellular), where they remain hidden from antibodies.
Cellular
The antimicrobial peptide Defensins is secreted by ______ and found where?
Secreted by epithelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils
Found throughout the body
The compliment system is made up of approximately 20 types of proteins that function to destroy
Extracellular pathogens
The ______ _______ on mucous membranes impede entry and attachment of bacteria
mucous coat
Granulocytes include:
Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, mast cells
T/F
B cells and T cells are produced in the bone marrow.
B cells migrate to the spleen for maturation
T cells mature in the thymus
True
T/F
An example of an Internal (2nd) defense is stomach acid
False-
Stomach acid is an example of a Physical barrier (1st line defense)
1. Inhibition of the multiplication of temperature sensitive microorganisms
2. Reducing available iron need for bacterial nutrition
3. Increasing of metabolism and protective processes
Benefits of a fever
______ is an enzyme in tears and saliva that destroys bacteria
Lysozyme
1. To mobilize and attract phagocytes
2. To set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and clear away harmful substances
3. To destroy and block microbes from further invasion
Antibody secreted by plasma cells in the blood. Able to cross the placenta into the fetus
IgG
Lack of resistance to a disease
T/F
The compliment system is complimentary to the antigen response of the adaptive immune system
False;
The compliment system is complimentary to the antibody response of the adaptive immune system
Layers of the skin from superficial to deep
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
The process in which leukocytes pass through blood vessel walls
Diapedesis
T cell independent response is short lived and does not result in the production of _________;
T cell dependent activation: the immune response is stronger and develops ______
Memory B cells; memory
What are the roles of cytokines in the nonspecific innate immune response?
They are chemical signals that can stimulate the release of chemical mediators, as well as initiate critical cell functions such as chemotaxis and apoptosis. They also recruit leukocytes and help stimulate the complement system.
Interferons are _______ produced by certain viral infected cells (particularly macrophages). Once released from viral infected cells, they diffuse to neighboring uninfected cells and bind to their surface _______ receptors. The binding induces the uninfected cells to synthesize antiviral proteins that interfere with or inhibit ______ _________.
Proteins; protein; viral replication