Background Info
The gram stain of E. faecium
What is Gram positive?
Result of E. faecium in catalase test (positive or negative)
What is catalase negative?
Antibiotic that E. faecium is most known to be resistant to
What is Vancomyacin?
The type of treatment that requires giving a sick individual the feces of a healthy individual
What is FMT (fecal microbiota transplant)
Three antibiotics that E. faecium is known to become resistant to
What are Vancomycin, Daptomycin, and Linezolid?
The morphology of E. faecium
What is Cocci?
The test that distinguishes Enterococci from Streptococci.
What is the Lancefield Group D antigen test?
The two types of antibiotics used in combination therapy.
What are Beta Lactams and aminoglycosides?
Treatment that is becoming more popular nowadays that uses the natural predators of bacteria isolated from the environment to combat VRE
(Hint: Its Alexa's favorite kind of treatment that she mentioned in the slides)
What is Bacteriophage or phage therapy?
The percent of nosocomial infections caused by VRE
What is 30%?
Name a disease E. faecium usually causes
What are Urinary tract infections or bacteremia, or endocarditis, etc.?
The test that determines E. faecium from E. faecalis.
What is the Pyruvate fermentation test? (positive indicates E. faecalis, negative indicates E. faecium)
What are two examples of Beta lactam antibiotics?
Ampicillin and Penicillin
The kinds of proteins identified to eventually be used in a vaccine to target Enterococci
What are membrane vesicles (MV's)?
What VRE stands for
What is Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci?
True or false:
Enterococci are highly resilient and can survive difficult conditions like common antiseptics and disinfectants
TRUE!
True or False:
E. faecium test positive in Bile - esculin test (aka they hydrolyze esculin in the Prescence of Bile)
TRUE! This is a key characteristic of Enterococci!
Previously most used antibiotic in the case of Beta lactam resistance but now is becoming more obsolete as E. faecium exhibits increased resistance to it
What is Vancomycin?
The antigen secreted by E. faecium that is being used in immunotherapy studies to treat cancer
What is SagA?
The percent of patients that experienced decreased colonization of VRE after fecal transplant
What is 50%?
True or false:
Enterococci are not facultative anaerobes
FALSE! (They are facultative anaerobes- can make ATP via aerobic oxidation if oxygen is present but if not it can switch to fermentation, so they can survive in both anaerobic and aerobic environments)
Which group of organisms is known to produce bacteriocins?
What are Lactic Acid Bacteria?
What was the previously FDA approved option to combat VRE but had to be taken off the market due to it causing phlebitis and myalgias?
Q/D or Quinupristin and Dalfopristin
Name 1 of the 4 main kinds of commensal bacteria that are being used in the trials of a probiotic cocktail to treat VRE
What is Clostridium bolteae or Parabacteroides distasonis or Bacteroides sartorii or Blautia producta?
Gene associated with vancomycin resistance.
What is VanA (or VanB)?