Child Development
Theorists (A)
Theorists (A)
Born in Switzerland in 1896, he developed Four Stages of Cognitive Development through which all people progress. He believes children build or construct their own knowledge, this is known as Constructivism.
Who is Jean Piaget?
An educational scholar born in Byelorrussia in 1896. He focused on the socio-cultural aspects of Constructivism and developed the concepts of scaffolding, adult-child dialogue and the zone of proximal development.
Who is Lev Vygotsky?
The theory that children are capable and learn best when given appropriate support to accomplish tasks that are just a little too challenging to do independently. Teachers use scaffolding and adult-child dialogue to support children as they move from their current level of development to the next level or skill. (Lev Vygotsky)
What is the Zone of Proximal Development Theory?
Four stages of development that show how people adapt to their physical and interpersonal environment using assimilation and accommodation, as well as schemas. These stages include Sensorimotor (birth-2,) Preoperational (2-7 years,) Concrete Operational (7-11 years,) and Formal Operational (11 years & up.) (Jean Piaget)
What are the Stages of Cognitive Development?
Tangible, positive reinforcers that serve as a means to an end, not the end itself and are used to remind adults to give a child consistent, positive feedback for efforts to act responsibly and be a productive member of the group. These should be faded out after a while.
What are tokens?
Who is Erik Erikson?
He was born in New York in 1908. His parents were Russian immigrants. He became a professor at several universities. He developed the Hierarchy of Human Needs.
Who is Abraham Maslow?
The theory that children's families, homes, schools, and communities affect their behavior and development as does the economy, politics, and geography. This theory is depicted as concentric circles representing children's microsystem (small,) mesosystem (medium,) exosystem (outside,) macrosystem (large.) (Urie Bronfenbrenner)
What is the Ecological Theory of Human Development?
Maslow's ladder (or pyramid) of human needs which demonstrates how children's most basic needs must be met before they can develop social relationships, self-esteem, or retain information or skills in order to develop their self-actualizing abilities. (Physiological Needs, Security Needs, Social Needs, Esteem Needs, Self-actualizing Needs.)
What is the Hierarchy of Human Needs?
Specific, descriptive, and appreciative feedback that is sincere and given promptly after a positive event. Can be ineffective if used improperly.
What is encouragement?
He was born in Vermont in 1859. He was a teacher, philosopher, and social commentator. Committed to fostering learning environments where democracy would flourish. He identified Four Primary Interests of Children.
Who is John Dewey?
Born in Chicago in 1902; he became a teacher and educational psychologist. He founded the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. He believed that individuals have the power within themselves to solve their own problems and that children do this best with support from competent, warm adults.
Who is Carl Rogers?
Albert Bandura's theory states that people learn behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions through observation, imitation, and modeling. It indicated that the environment and reinforcement strategies can have an impact on children's behaviors as well.
What is the Social Learning Theory?
This theory held that since people are primarily social beings, influenced by others, children often:
-strive for undue attention
-seek to assert power
-may attempt to get revenge for a perceived "wrong"
-display a sense of inadequacy.
What are Adler's four "Mistaken Goals?"
An intangible form or reinforcement that can be ineffective if used too frequently, or too infrequently.
What is praise?
A professor of human growth and development at Cornell. He was born in Moscow in 1915, but moved to the United States as a child. He wrote the Ecological Theory of Human Development.
Who is Urie Bronfenbrenner?
Born in Vienna, Austria in 1870. He was a physician with an interest in psychiatry who followed Sigmund Freud, to some extent, but broke away to develop some of this own theories. Believed people are primarily social beings and that are personality influenced by their social environment and interactions with others. He identified "mistaken goals" that drive children's behavior.
Who is Alfred Adler?
1. The desire to investigate and discover things.
2. The need to communicate.
3. Joy in construction
4. Artistic expression
What are Dewy's Four Primary Interests of Children?
Eight stages of social development, each with a crisis that may be resolved in a positive or negative way.
These include:
-Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-18 mos.)
-Autonomy vs. Shame or Doubt (18 mos.-3 years)
-Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years)
-Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)
-Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)
-Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)
-Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)
-Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)
What is Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development?
The most important first step in establishing good classroom management or behavior guidance.
What is developing strong positive relationships?
Born in Tennessee in 1913, he became a professor of psychiatry at Georgetown University. He developed the Family Systems Theory, which helps teachers identify how a child's home life may impact how they perceive and respond to boundaries, rules, and roles in a classroom setting.
Who is Dr. Murray Bowen?
He was born in Canada in 1925 and was a Canadian-American who taught social science in psychology at Stanford University. He developed the Social Learning Theory.
Who is Albert Bandura?
Boundaries, rules and roles.
What are the key classroom elements/implications for Bowen's Family Systems Theory?
Teacher Effectiveness Training (T.E.T.) which encourages teachers to:
1. Figure out who owns the problem (adult or child?)
2. Listen actively when a child owns the problem.
3. Deliver an "I message" when an adult owns the problem.
What is Thomas Gordon's child guidance program for classroom settings?
When teachers observe children closely during interactions to gain insight into the cause of their behavior.
What is to identify the child's need?