Morphosyntactic and Morphology
Which 2 linguistic disciplines morphosyntax combine?
Morphology and syntax
What is the Case?
The Case is grammatical category that expresses rthe relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other elements in the sentence
What is a lexico-grammatical category?
It is a grammatical class of words that share common lexical meaning, morphological features, and syntactic functions.
In which two words the system in part of speech is traditionally divided?
Into notional (independent) and functional (service) words
What is classes of words?
The term classes of words is used as synonym to parts of speech
Which grammatical relations morphosyntactic phenomena are demonstrate?
Agreement
Case marking
Government
Concord
Voice and mood
What types of case are exist?
Nominative (Subjective) case
•Accusative (Objective) case
•Genitive (Possessive) case
•Vocative (Dative) case
What does it represent?
It represents the unity of lexical (vocabulary-related) and grammatical (form and function) characteristics.
Notional words have...?
Notional words have full lexical meaning and serve as the main building blocks of sentences.
What position do parts of speech occupy in the language system?
They occupy the central position in the language system as they present the meeting point of the two main domains of the language: its lexicon and grammar.
Name types of agreement
Subject verb
Noun adjective agreement
Pronoun antecedent agreement
Name functions of Case
Subject function is to identify who or what performs the action.
• Object function is to show who or what receive the action.
•Possessive function is to indicate ownership or association.
•Prepositional function is to link nouns and pronouns to prepositions.
Name the main parts of speech
NOUN, VERB,ADJECTIVE,PRONOUN, NUMERAL, INTERJECTION, PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION, ARTICLE, PARTICIPLE, AUXILIARY
Functional words have...
Functional words have grammatical meaning rather than lexical meaning.
What is a categorial meaning?
This generalized semantic feature (such as “thingness” for nouns or “action” for verbs) is a key criterion in determining a word’s part-of-speech status.
What are morphological systems?
This is a system where we understand the relationships between elements and their attributes in a vague sense based only on measured features or correlations. In other words e understand the form or morphology a system has based on the connections between its elements.
Importance of Case
In general, it helps to clarify syntactic relationships and maintain sentence meaning, especially in languages with free order. In English, word order largely replaces the role of case endings.
Name types of functional verbs and their examples
Pronouns: Words like he, she, it, their that replace nouns.
Determiners/Articles: Words like the, a, an, those that are used with nouns.
Conjunctions: Words like and, but, if that join clauses or words.
Prepositions: Words like to, from, for, on that show relationships in time, space, or between ideas.
Auxiliary Verbs: Helping verbs like do, be, have, can that help form tenses or moods.
Question Words: Words like who, what, why, how used to ask questions.
Functional words are also known as...
structure words, grammatical words, grammatical functors, grammatical morphemes, function morphemes, form words
empty words
What is functioning as an adverbial modifier?
English adverbs often reveal the difficulty of classification because they lack most grammatical categories. Instead, they are grouped by meaning and this type of syntactic behavior.
Name 3 types of languages and examples
inflectional morphology (Chinese)
Isolating morphology (Mandarin Chinese)
Agglutinating Morphology (Turkish)
Elaborate on what is Tenses, Aspects, and Voice of the verb and their function.
Tense – shows when an action happens (past, present, future).
Aspect – shows how an action happens over time (indefinite, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous).
Voice – shows who does the action or who receives it (active vs passive).
Name all grammatical properties of the parts of speech and what characteristics does it have?
MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
SYNTACTIC PROPERETIES
SEMANTIC PROPERTIES
Each part of speech has its own morphological, syntactic, and semantic characteristics.
What are the differences between content word and function words
Function words include determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, modals, qualifiers, and question words.
Content words are words with specific meanings, such as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and main verbs (those without helping verbs.)
What is the difficulty of establishing a universal basis for classifying parts of speech?
This problem arises because no single criterion, such as meaning, form or function, is sufficient on its own when assigning words to parts of speech. Therefore, it leads to differing classifications among grammarians.