History of Counseling I
Explain the Army Beta and Strong Inventory's Historical Context
The Army Beta was an early psychometric test developed in WWI by the military. The strong Inventory was an early trait factor test. Both were early psychological tests (besides IQ from Binet late 1900's).
Gibson et al. (2010) makes what important points about identity development?
They argue we should have a shared identity, that identity development occurs across internalized and externalized tasks, and that encouraging identity development increases cognitive complexity.
Ridley et al. (2010) describe nested layers in their model. What are they, and what are they centered around?
Descirbe how Granello (2010) utilized Perry (1970) with counseling, and what was Perry's model?
Granello (2010) studied how counselors move towards more cognitive complexity, with the first big shift happening during practicum/intership. She used Perry's 1970 model of cognitive development that describes moving from Dualistic to Multiplistic, Relativistic, and committed relativistic which is rarely seen.
What was the purpose behind the revision of (Sue et al. 1992) MCC to the (Ratts et al. 2015) MSJCC? What are some ways Singh et al. (2020) suggest we encourage learning it ?
The revision added "action," which is a social justice component, and the praxis of privilege and marginalized counselor/client dynamics. Singh et al. (2020) suggests we encourage perpetual understanding of it's influence on the therapeutic realtionship, utilize Bloom's taxonomy to increase learning, and leverage our location as change agents.
What contributions did Frank Parsons, Jesse Davis, and Clifford Beers make to counseling in the early 1900's?
Frank Parsons is considered founder of guidance movement, developed trait and factor approach in vocational work. Jesse Davis established school guidance. Clifford Beers Helped with mental health reform?
Woo et al. (2016) described what factors of identity development?
Counselor educators influence identity through education and mentorship. They also identified how congruence and fit lead to stronger professional identity. Identity is transformed through interpersonal and intrapersonal as well as the service continuum and leadership.
One of the point of having CACREP is to increase competency, what are a few key competencies for counselor educators?
C. Teaching methods relevant to counselor education. D. Curriculum design and instructional delivery. F. Integration of diversity, equity, and inclusion and social justice principles. G. Universal design to meet the needs of all students.
Describe Kolb's (1984) four cognitive types and Kohlberg's (1958) 3 types of moral development.
Kolb (1984) discussed different learning types we should encourage flexibly. They are Concrete Experience, Reflective Observation, Abstract conceptualization and Active experimentation. Kohlberg (1958) said we move from conventional morality (fear and avoiding punishment) to Conventional Morality (social conscience and moral alliance) to Post-Conventional Morality (acceptance of own responsibility and actions motivated by own truth).
Branco and Bayne (2020) and Duffey and Somody (2011) discuss what aspects important to understanding multicultural counseling dimensions?
Branco and Bayne (2020) – Highlight how microaggressions affect counselors of color, creating an added burden above and beyond the demands of therapy. Duffey and Somody (2011) – RCT utilizes connection and context over individuation and separation as a way to address relational contexts (which include culture and gender) and helps address western idealized male-dominated beliefs through relational competence.
Name some significant legislative acts in counseling history.
1917-Smith Hughes vocational guidance in school. 1946- The National Mental Health Act expands research and services, leading to the NIMH. 1958 National Defense Education Act - Post sputnink concerns led to promoting student learning. 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act, Expansion on Community Mental Health Centers & O'connor V. Donaldson (releasing long term commitment)
Waalkes et al. (2021) described mentorship in identity development as
Relationship with their mentors impacted their professional identity development by encouraging them to speak up or be more genuine. This increased their confidence in their abilities to work in the field. This was regulated through methods of providing structure and the impact of relationships.
What is Metacognition - and how does Ridley et al. (2010) propose to help increase this.
Metacognition is a higher form of thinking that considers one's thoughts, actions, and affective state. Their multi-faceted model encourages reflexivity through multiple scopes and dimensions to consider, promote this type of thinking.
This cognitive theory sees how learning goals mov in order from knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, to evaluation.
Blooms et al. (1956) Taxonomy.
What do Rapp et al. (2018) and Letourneau (2016) have to say about gatekeeping?
Rapp et al. (2018) discuss importance of preparing doctoral students, explaining gateslipping, complications in the role (interpersonal and subjective), and recognize ethical, cultural and legal implications. Letourneau (2016) offers a multicultural, feminist, constructivist perspective that utilizes consensus building and cultural consideration around problems and resolutions.
The ACA was formerly known as? What year was it formed, and when did it change it's name to ACA? Bonus: When did the ACA adopt Sue's multicultural suggestions?
The American Personnel and Guidance Association was formed in 1952. It became the ACA in 1972, which is also when the first multicultural considerations were adopted.
What are some of the "Transformational Tasks" needed in identity development.
Gibson et al. (2010) modeled growth from the external to internal (self) validating process across the domains of defining counseling, being responsible for professional growth, and transforming their systemic identities. i.e., mirror expert opinions to having one's own, reliance, to system-level integration in the community. Woo et al. (2016) transformational through Interpersonal (internalized counseling philosophy and knowledge shared by professionals) and Intrapersonal (immersion into community with its expectations and standards).
Experiential learning is an important component in counselor education, what has some of the research highlighted about this?
Kilian and Floren (2020) highlighted how experiential learning and CSL (community service learning) increased learning of MSJCC more than didactic teaching. West et al. (2013) highlights how Kolb (1984) and their stages are utilized to help concretize abstract concepts. Dr. Fox Effect (west) engaging lectures are perceived as better even if the content isnt.
What type of model did Phinney (1992) describe?
The ethical identity model that went from Stage 1 (unexamined ethnic identity) to Stage 2 (ethnic identity search) to stage 3 (ethnic identity achievement), encouraging higher education to explore and increase awareness of these factors.
What has been said about remediation and how does it relate to a PDP which is?
Henderson and Dufrene (2018) discuss the use of remediation to handle PPC (problems of professional competence). Remediation often can include personal counseling, course work, specific assignments, and faculty meetings and clear expectations. One way to ensure this is the PDP or professional development plan. Kress & Protivnak (2009) suggests this include expectations from faculty, students, tasks and consequence. Wilkerson (2006) suggests treating PPC like clients, having consent, eval, treatment plan, and termination.
Describe when and what these key historical events are: First Licensure, HIPPA, MSJCC, CACREP,
1976 - Virginia administers the first license for counseling. 1996 HIPPA health insurance portability act was passed. 2015- MSJCC was published. 2016 - CACREP common core standards adopted.
What was the 20/20 vision and how does it relate to identity development?
Kaplan & Glidding (2010) published the 20/20 vision for the ACA that looked at key developments to improve public perception of the profession. They felt a strong unified identity across the profession was critical to growth and increasing public trust.
What is a philosophy statement? Where does it usually go? Are there other key elements of the document we put it in?
The philosophy statement expresses our beliefs as teachers, beliefs about how to encourage comprehensive goals, and possibly your journey highlights. It should be included in the syllabus. The syllabus per Obrien et al. (2008) in West, has common elements: course description, required readings, weekly schedule, policy, and a philosophy statement.
Wilkinson et al. (2019) encouraged congitive complexity through...
A phenomenological approach that enhances mental models, connecting abstract experiences with lived experience, call and response (deconstruction, contextualization, and application), and teaching proper perspective-taking empathy.
The issue was Ward transferring a client due to a conflict with her religious beliefs and the client's sexual orientation. Burkholder et al. (2015) highlighted that this is still not a clear issue in education about referrals, and that institutions should clearly state policies about them. This is all despite the ACA codes and responses to this issue that clients do not refer out for this reason and ethics begin at assignment not meeting.