Name That
Theorist
Theorist
Which theorist contributed to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic perspective?
Erik Erikson
In what time period, prior to the 19th century, did children "need to play"?
Ancient Greece-Middle Ages
Which theory enforces the belief that play facilitates cognitive development and consolidates learning that has already occurred?
Cognitive Development Theory
Discuss the meaning of nature versus nurture.
(Something along the lines of)
The debate concerning which forces contribute most to a child's development. Is it based more so on nature (genetics) or nurture (environment)?
This concept, developed by Lev Vygotsky, states that when a child plays, they develop skills consistent with older children in their neighborhood.
Zone of Proximal Development
Who developed the concept of "surplus energy"?
Herbert Spencer
Looking at more modern times, in what century did play start to be viewed as important?
1900s (20th century)
Which theory discusses the three levels of consciousness and the psychosexual stages of development?
Psychoanalytic Theory
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau say in support of his theory of naturalism? (Hint: Described on the Theories of Play in Historical Order Sheet)
"God makes all things good. Human meddling brings evil."
Children bring "innate goodness" while adults destroy it.
This concept, developed by Jerome Brunner, explains the type or amount of help given to a child to promote the mastery of new skills.
Scaffolding
Who developed the concept of "recapitulation"?
G. Stanley Hall
In what century were the psychoanalytic theory, the psychoanalytic perspective, and the cognitive developmental theory developed?
1900s (20th century)
Psychoanalytic Perspective
What factors can influence a child's choice of play or readiness to play? Name at least 3 factors.
1. Gender
2. Age
3. Race
4. Cultural Background
5. Developmental Ability or Disability
6. Physical or Mental Health
7. Pain
8. Traumatic Situations
This concept, developed by G.T.W. Patrick, explains that when a child is tired and relaxed, playtime allows the child to get a reboot of energy.
Renewal of Energy
Who developed the first Kindergarten?
Friedrich Froebel
In what time periods and/or populations was play discouraged?
1630: Puritans and 1700-1800: Protestants/John Locke (both acceptable)
Which theory discusses human and animal behavior in terms of conditioning rather than thoughts or feelings?
Behaviorism
List and describe Piaget and Smilansky's 3 "types" of play.
1. Functional Play: simple movements
2. Dramatic Play: Using imaginative/symbolic materials or scenarios.
3. Games With Rules: Accepting prearranged rules to a game.
This concept, developed by Herbert Spencer, states that play’s purpose is to discharge natural energy from body.
Surplus Energy
Which theorists contributed to the cognitive development theory? (3)
Jerome Brunner, Brian Sutton-Smith, and Jean Piaget.
What year was the child life profession introduced by Emma Plank to the Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital?
1955
Which theory discusses solitary, parallel, associative, and cooperative types of play?
Mildred Parten's Theory of Play
List Piaget's 4 "stages" of play and the approximate ages at which children reach these stages.
1. Functional Play: Infancy
2. Symbolic Play: 18 months-2 years old
3. Constructive Play: 2-4 years old
4. Games With Rules: Early elementary school, 6 years old
This concept, developed by G. Stanley Hall, states that each child’s development reflects the evolutionary progress of the human species as a whole.
Recapitulation