Vocabulary
Classical conditioning
behaviors are associated with responses
- reinforcement can be positive or negative
- tendency for people to repeat behaviors that have a positive results
- or not repeat a behavior if it has a negative result
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
People’s ____, feelings, and actions depend on experience, rather than genetics or free will
thoughts
Operant Conditioning
offering praise when they do something positive
giving them a piece of candy when they clean their room
sending them to their room as a form of punishment
Are theories facts?
No, but they help increase understanding of human development.
Operant conditioning
the tendency of people to repeat behaviors that have positive results
- learning is active and best when students learn in context, including past experiences/knowledge
- constructivism
Bruner’s Constructivist Theory
Infants are “____ screens”
blank
Classical Conditioning
A warm and nurturing teacher makes students feel connected.
Students associate going to school with the teacher.
Therefore, students learn to enjoy going to school.
Why are behavioral theories helpful to teachers?
- helpful to teachers in understanding and shaping students' behavior and learning
- provide practical strategies for classroom management, motivation, and creating effective learning environments
Behaviorism
behavior determined by forces in the environment beyond individuals’ control
- children are social beings
- develop through interactions with parents, teachers, other students
- zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Learning is _____ and best when students learn in context, including past experiences, knowledge, current reality.
active
Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory
going to the zoo to learn about animals through observation, instead of reading about them
What is the concept of constructivism in learning theory?
- learning is active, context-dependent, and built on past experiences and knowledge.
Experimental Learning
learning by doing (experiences, observation, reflection)
- eight stages
- people face a conflict and must resolve it
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
Based on Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development, everyone follows the ___ progression.
same
Social Cognitive Theory
a younger sibling might learn how to tie their shoes by watching their older sibling do it
a child might learn about sharing by watching a TV show where characters resolve conflicts peacefull
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
- the level between what a child can do on their own and what they can achieve with assistance from a more skilled person
Scaffolding
helping a child learn more by working or collaborating with more knowledgeable peers or a teacher
- everyone follows the same progression
- levels include different ways of thinking and solving moral problems
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Teachers encourage students to discover new learning through active dialog, or
_____ ______
Socratic learning
Piaget's Cognitive Theory (any stage)
Sensorimotor: by playing continuously with a toy animal, an infant begins to understand what the object is
Preoperational Stage: A preschooler believes that everyone sees the world the way they do.
Concrete Operational: A child understands that the amount of water in a short, wide glass is the same as in a tall, narrow glass.
Formal Operational Stage: A teenager can understand algebraic equations.
In which stage of Piaget's theory do children base their thinking on what they learn through their senses?
The sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)