Freud
This part of personality operates on the pleasure principle and wants immediate gratification.
What is the id?
A toddler insists on feeding themselves and saying “no.” Erikson described this stage as this conflict.
What is autonomy vs. shame and doubt?
A child playing peek-a-boo understands that objects still exist when hidden. This concept is called this.
What is object permanence?
A child avoids stealing because they fear punishment. This level of moral development is occurring.
What is preconventional morality?
According to Maslow, this need must be met first before higher-level needs can be addressed.
What are physiological needs?
A hospitalized adult begins sucking their thumb after surgery. This defense mechanism is occurring.
What is regression?
This part of personality balances reality with the desires of the id.
What is the ego?
An adolescent questioning identity, appearance, and peer acceptance is experiencing this Erikson stage.
What is identity vs. role confusion?
A preschooler believes illness occurred because they were “bad.” Piaget described this thinking as this.
What is magical thinking?
A teenager follows rules because they want approval from parents and society. This level is represented.
What is conventional morality?
A nurse should prioritize a client with shortness of breath over a client requesting assistance with hygiene because of this principle.
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A student who fails an exam says, “The instructor writes terrible tests anyway.” This defense mechanism is this.
What is rationalization?
A patient states, “I do not have cancer,” despite test results confirming the diagnosis. This defense mechanism is occurring.
What is denial?
A hospitalized infant receives consistent care and comfort from caregivers. The positive outcome of this stage is developed.
What is trust?
A nurse teaching a school-age child should understand that the child is in this cognitive stage.
What is concrete operational?
A nurse advocates for a client despite hospital pressure because of personal ethical principles. This level is demonstrated.
What is postconventional morality?
This level of Maslow’s hierarchy includes stability, protection, and freedom from harm.
What are safety and security needs?
A client angry with a provider yells at family members instead. This defense mechanism is occurring.
What is displacement?
A nurse identifies that a client is redirecting anger about hospitalization toward staff members. Freud would describe this defense mechanism as this.
What is displacement?
A school-age child enjoys completing homework and earning praise from teachers. This Erikson stage is represented.
What is industry vs. inferiority?
The ability to think abstractly and understand future consequences occurs during this stage.
What is formal operational?
Kohlberg’s theory primarily focuses on this aspect of development.
What is moral reasoning?
A patient expressing loneliness and wanting family visits is demonstrating needs at this level.
What are love and belonging needs?
A person who is anxious about aggressive feelings becomes a professional boxer. This healthy defense mechanism is called this.
What is sublimation?
According to Freud, this part of personality acts as the moral conscience and focuses on right versus wrong.
What is the superego?
n older adult reviews life accomplishments and feels satisfied with life choices. This positive outcome occurs
What is integrity?
A toddler learning through touching, tasting, and sensory experiences is in this Piaget stage.
What is sensorimotor?
According to Kohlberg, children in the earliest stage determine right and wrong mainly by considering this.
What is punishment or reward?
Reaching one’s highest personal potential is known as this level in Maslow’s hierarchy.
What is self-actualization?
A client accusing staff of being angry when the client is actually angry is demonstrating this defense mechanism.
What is projection?