Critical Eyes
This perspective examines how social structures, accepted assumptions, and power relationships produce or maintain inequity.
What is critical theory?
Freire used this term for developing awareness of one’s social conditions and the forces that sustain injustice.
What is consciousness raising?
This method of ethical inquiry asks, “What should people do?”
What is normative ethics?
This model asks what environmental conditions are helping or interfering with the patient’s healing.
What is Nightingale’s Environmental Model?
A clinician dismisses a patient’s description of symptoms. Power is operating primarily at this level.
What is the interpersonal level?
This fifth pattern of nursing knowledge involves recognizing injustice, critically examining it, and acting to change the conditions that sustain it.
What is emancipatory knowing?
Rather than positioning the clinician as the sole expert, Freire’s approach encourages learning with patients through this process.
What is dialogue?
This method examines what people actually believe or do when faced with an ethical situation.
What is descriptive ethics?
This model focuses on helping people meet basic needs and achieve the greatest possible independence.
What is Henderson's model?
The knowledge of one healthcare discipline is routinely treated as more authoritative than another’s.
What is the professional level?
This dimension of emancipatory knowing asks how we understand a situation and whose knowledge is accepted as legitimate.
What is the epistemological, or “knowing,” dimension?
According to Freire, awareness of injustice without this will not produce liberation.
What is action?
This method asks what terms such as “fair,” “good,” or “autonomous” actually mean.
This model views the person as seven interrelated behavioral subsystems that continually seek balance and stability.
What is Johnson’s Behavioral System Model?
A clinic’s attendance rules create greater barriers for patients with limited transportation or inflexible work schedules.
In Habermas’s framework, therapeutic communication, collaboration, and shared decision-making primarily reflect this human interest.
What is the practical interest?
Oppression is more easily sustained when unequal conditions are presented in this way.
What is natural, inevitable, or “the way things are”?
This gap occurs when someone assumes that a moral conclusion follows automatically from a factual statement.
What is the is/ought gap?
Perceived benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, emotions, and interpersonal influences are central to this model.
What is Pender’s Health Promotion Model?
An insurer requires a patient to try and fail less-expensive treatments before covering the medication the clinician recommends.
What is the policy or system level?
Match the Habermas interest to each activity: using medications and procedures; understanding the patient’s priorities; challenging an inequitable clinic policy.
What are technical, practical, and emancipatory interests?
Freire would describe this as the appropriate APRN role: changing conditions through dialogue and action alongside affected people.
What is supporting collective empowerment rather than attempting to “liberate” others?
In allocating a limited vaccine supply, these three approaches respectively emphasize duties and rights, overall outcomes, and shared community responsibilities.
What are rule-based ethics, consequentialism, and communitarianism?
Match each nursing goal to its theorist: create conditions for healing; promote independence; restore behavioral balance; facilitate sustainable behavior change.
What are Nightingale, Henderson, Johnson, and Pender?
Research used to guide care consistently excludes or underrepresents certain patient populations.
What is the knowledge-production level?