Policing, offending, and race
These three factors are strong predictors of criminality
What is racial-animus
to describe the negative feelings that may be associated with race and discuss
whether observed disparities in stop outcomes may be a product of such racial hatred
What is illusory correlation phenomenon?
the alleged correlation between two classes of events that are either not correlated or correlated to a lesser degree.
There has been a rise of what type of law suits against police officers
racial profiling
Stereotypes are....
cognitive structures contained within the mind of the perceiver, and they are made up of the perceiver’s knowledge, beliefs, and expectations regarding an identifiable social group
In what city were more black and hispanic pedestrians stopped compared to white?
New York City
Racial animus cannot....
cannot fully account for the consistent racial disparities observed in traffic-stop outcomes across different types of law enforcement agencies.
Have Hamilton and Gifford's findings regarding illusory correlation been replicated?
Yes they have been reproduced in a variety of experimental settings.
what 3 things have made it more difficult for racist individuals to make it through the police hiring process
improved background checks, psychological testing, and the use of polygraphs
How does the literature suggest attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes are most likely to develop in police officers?
When police have repetitive contacts of a similar type with people from the same group.
Every study that analyzed the race of an officer came to what conclusion?
The race of the officer does not predict the race of the driver stopped, searched, or arrested.
AT LEAST how many states did the article say have adopted statues that prohibit racial profiling?
20
How did the student research subjects rate minority groups on social and intellectual desirability as compared to the majority group?
Student research subjects rated minority groups significantly lower than the majority.
police in some communities have a long and ill-famed...
reputation for racial discrimination and increased suspiciousness of minorities
What us a strong predictor for how people make judgements about people, events, and behaviors?
The accessibility of information
one mechanism that might help explain such a rejection of racial identity...
is the socialization process that officers undergo when they become part of the police subculture
Police beliefs about which citizens are involved in crime are based on these three variables...
Individual, behavioral, and situational cues
Hamilton and Gifford suggested that this individual, cognitive basis for the formation of group stereotypes....
may reinforce existing socially learned or culturally transmitted stereotypes.
the traditional view of racial profiling holds that police officers...
intentionally target minority citizens for disparate treatment during traffic or pedestrian stops.
How does psychological research suggest police officers might develop stereotypes?
Repeated exposure to negative social stimuli involving minority groups
What is an occupational hazard among U.S. police officers that produces high rates of stress?
the emotional and psychological toll of dealing with danger and intractable social problems on a day-to-day basis
Researchers in this article found it unpersuasive that racial animus....
underlies the behavior of the thousands of officers whose traffic-stop data have been subjected to dozens of analyses with highly consistent results.
researchers used a free recall exercise and found that the subjects recalled....
a higher proportion of negative behavior sentences associated with the minority group than for any other behavior and/or group combination.
In 2005, the Center for Public Safety at Northwestern University sponsored
sponsored its fourth annual Symposium on Racial Profiling.
America’s small-town police officers...
have shared stereotypes about minority groups, ingrained perceptions, and beliefs that have been passed down by parents, teachers, political and social leaders, and the mass media