Full of potential
The resting membrane potential of a neuron.
- 70 mV (at rest, inside of neuron is NEGATIVE).
A shallow groove found along the surface of the cerebral cortex.
Sulcus
The dorsal horn carries this type of information.
Sensory
Innervates the anterior compartment of the upper arm.
Musculocutaneous nerve
The primary nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Vagus nerve
The name and function of CN XII.
Hypoglossal nerve:
Motor - tongue movement
Two neuroglia cells found in the CNS.
1. Microglia
2. Astrocytes
3. Oligodendrocytes
4. Ependymal cells
Lobe responsible for receiving and interpreting sensory information.
Parietal
A group of cells bodies in the peripheral nervous system.
Ganglion
Innervates the anterior thigh.
Femoral nerve
The sympathetic nervous system has _________ preganglionic neurons and _________ postganglionic neurons.
Short, long
The name and function of CN XI.
Accessory nerve:
Motor - innervation of trapezius and SCM.
Saltatory conduction (the "jumping" of an electrical signal down an axon) is facilitated by these TWO things.
Myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
Commissural fibers interconnect the _____________. An example is the _________ ___________.
Projection fibers connect the _________ with the rest of the CNS. An example is the __________ ____________.
hemispheres; corpus callosum
cerebrum; internal capsule
The 2 main somatic sensory pathways and the information they transmit.
Spinothalamic - pain and temperature.
Complete the following:
Together, the ventral root and dorsal root form a mixed _______ nerve. This then divides into an anterior ramus that innervates ____________ and a posterior ramus that innervates __________.
spinal
joints of vertebral column, deep back muscles and overlying skin
anterolateral body wall and limbs; form intercostal nerves, T1-T12 and nerve plexuses
The 3 "D's" of the parasympathetic system.
1. Diuresis
2. Defecation
3. Digestion
The name and function of CN V.
Trigeminal nerve:
Sensory - facial sensation
Motor - mastication (chewing)
The cell body and dendrites are considered the ______________ region of a neuron. The axon is considered the ____________ region of a neuron.
receptive (receives signal from another neuron)
conductive (generates and transmits APs away from cell body toward axon terminals)
2 potential impacts of injury to the frontal lobe.
Loss of coordination
Loss of executive functions: reasoning & planning.
Changes in personality.
Loss of voluntary motor activity.
The meningeal layers & spaces in the brain in order from superficial to deep.
Scalp - periosteum - dura mater - subdural space - arachnoid mater - subarachnoid space (contains CSF) - pia mater - cortex.
A person injured their back and is now having trouble extending their knee. The damaged myotome is _______.
A person has numbness and tingling along their thumb. The damaged dermatome is __________.
L4
C6
1. Excitement
2. Embarrassment
3. Exercise
4. Emergency
The name and function of CN III.
Oculomotor nerve:
Motor - eye movement, pupil constriction, and lens accommodation.
The events that occur at a chemical synapse between neurons.
1.Action potential (AP) reaches axon terminal à membrane depolarizes.
2.Ca2+ channels open à Ca2+ enters cell.
3.Ca2+ triggers neurotransmitter (NT) release from vesicles.
4.NT binds to receptors on next neuron à membrane depolarizes (*new electrical signal starts).
3 subcortical structures (i.e., deep within the brain) and their primary functions.
Thalamus - sensory relay station
Hypothalamus - role in homeostasis (controls ANS and endocrine systems)
Amygdala - emotional responses tied to threat, fear and reward
Hippocampus - long-term memory
Basal ganglia - initiation and termination of movement
The 3 main somatic motor pathways and their primary functions.
1. Lateral corticospinal tract (CST) - skilled voluntary movement; promotes speed and precision.
2. Corticoreticuclar tract (CRST) - anti-gravity EXT activity in L/Es & trunk for posture/locomotion; regulates muscle tone, modulates activity in VST.
3. Vestibulospinal tract (VST) - maintains upright posture and balance (*excitation of EXT motor neurons and inhibition of FLEX motor neurons); stabilizes head, eye tracking and reactive balance.
The 5 branches of the brachial plexus and their motor distributions.
Musculocutaneous n. - muscles of anterior arm
Axillary n. - deltoid and teres minor
Radial n. - muscles of posterior arm and forearm
Median n. - muscles of anterior forearm and thenar muscles
Ulnar n. - muscles of anterior forearm and hand
Most organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. These are the 3 exceptions that are innervated by ONLY the sympathetic nervous system.
Vasomotor function (blood vessel diameter
Pilomotor function (hair follicle muscle activity)
Sudomotor function (sweat gland activity)
The name and function of CN VIII.
Vestibulocochlear nerve:
Sensory for vestibular branch - equilibrium/balance
Sensory for cochlear branch - hearing