Inflammation Fundamentals
Q: This granular leukocyte is usually the first to arrive at the site of acute inflammation and is the most abundant in early exudates.
A: What is the neutrophil?
Q: Name two of the classic local signs of acute inflammation (Latin terms not required).
A: Any two of: redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function.
Q: A clean surgical incision that is closed with sutures usually heals by this type of intention.
A: What is primary intention?
Q: Newborns receive ready‑made antibodies from their mothers. This type of immunity is called:
A: What is passive immunity?
Q: The brain structure that acts as the body’s “thermostat” and regulates temperature is the:
A: What is the hypothalamus?
Q: This plasma protein system, when activated, results in the formation of C3a and C5a, which are known as these types of inflammatory mediators.
A: What are anaphylatoxins (or chemotactic factors, accepting either but best: anaphylatoxins/chemotactic factors)?
Q: This type of exudate contains many white blood cells, protein, and cellular debris, and is seen in more severe or advanced inflammation.
A: What is purulent (or suppurative) exudate?
Q: In normal wound healing, name two of the three major phases.
A: Any two of:
Q: Name one reason why newborns are at higher risk for infection compared with healthy adults.
A: Any one of:
Q: Fever is usually caused by chemicals called pyrogens. These make the hypothalamus do this to the body’s “set point.”
A: What is raise (increase) the set point?
Q: This cascade produces bradykinin, which causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and this characteristic sensation often associated with inflammation.
A: What is pain?
Q: In chronic inflammation, these two types of immune cells become more common than neutrophils in the affected tissue.
A: What are lymphocytes and macrophages?
Q: The term for partial or complete separation of a wound that was previously closed (often after surgery) is:
A: What is dehiscence?
Q: Name one age‑related change in older adults that can weaken innate immunity.
A: Any one of:
Q: During fever, the body produces prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the hypothalamus. This causes:
A: a) Shivering and feeling cold happens when the set point is raised (the body is trying to reach the new higher temperature).
Q: This process, stimulated by complement fragment C3b, makes bacteria easier for phagocytes to recognize and eat.
A: What is opsonization?
Q: Chronic inflammation often leads to fibrosis (scarring). Name one way this can affect the function of the involved organ.
A: Any one of:
Q: Healing by secondary intention (e.g., large open wound) usually has more of these two features compared with primary intention.
A: What are more granulation tissue and more scarring?
(You can also accept: higher infection risk.)
Q: Why is it important not to rely only on fever to detect infection in older adults?
A: Because older adults may not develop a strong fever even with serious infection, so we must also watch for changes like confusion, weakness, low BP, or increased RR.
Q: Explain one key difference between fever and hyperthermia.
A:
Q: The kinin system produces this peptide, which causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and contributes to pain.
A: What is bradykinin?
Q: Give one clear difference between acute and chronic inflammation in terms of either:
Q: Name two common risk factors that increase the chance of wound dehiscence after surgery.
A: Any two of:
Q: Name one key infection‑prevention strategy that is especially important for:
a) Newborns, and
b) Older adults.
A:
Q: Why do medications like acetaminophen help reduce a fever, but are not very helpful in conditions like heat stroke?
A: