Concepts & Schemata
What are mental categories that organize information, images, ideas, and memories called?
Concepts
What term refers to the words of a given language?
Lexicon
You try several keys until one opens a lock. What problem-solving strategy are you using?
Trial and error
After an unexpected event, you say, “I knew that would happen!” What bias does this illustrate?
Hindsight bias
What letter did Spearman use to represent general intelligence?
g
What is the best example or representation of a concept?
A prototype
What is the basic sound unit of a language?
Phoneme
What is a step-by-step problem-solving formula called?
An algorithm
You seek information supporting your opinion and dismiss information that challenges it. What bias is this?
Confirmation bias
What type of intelligence involves acquired knowledge, such as vocabulary and historical facts?
Crystallized intelligence
What type of concept develops through direct or indirect experience, such as your understanding of snow?
A natural concept
What is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning, such as “-s” in “cats”?
Morpheme
What is a mental shortcut or rule of thumb used to solve problems?
A heuristic
The first price you see strongly influences what you consider a reasonable price. What bias is this?
Anchoring bias
What type of intelligence helps you solve unfamiliar problems and recognize new patterns?
Fluid intelligence
You expect a librarian to know about books. What type of schema shapes this expectation?
A role schema
What aspect of language governs how words are arranged into sentences?
Syntax
You continue using a familiar solution even after it stops working. What obstacle are you experiencing?
A mental set
After seeing a vivid report about a plane crash, you overestimate the likelihood of one because that example comes easily to mind. What shortcut is this?
Availability heuristic
What three types of intelligence make up Sternberg’s triarchic theory?
Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence
You enter an elevator and automatically turn to face the doors. What type of schema guides this behavior?
An event schema, or cognitive script
What term describes the early developmental window when language acquisition is most effective?
Critical period
You overlook using an empty matchbox as a candle holder because you see it only as a container for matches. What obstacle does this illustrate?
Functional fixedness
You assume a quiet, book-loving stranger is a librarian because the person fits your stereotype. What bias does this illustrate?
Representative bias, or representativeness heuristic
In Gardner’s theory, what intelligence involves understanding others, and what intelligence involves understanding yourself?
Interpersonal intelligence and intrapersonal intelligence, respectively