People
a psychologist that proposed that language development and cognitive processes could be explained through operant conditioning. He believed that language is learned through reinforcement and shaping, where individuals are rewarded for using correct language structures and punished (or not reinforced) for using incorrect ones.
Who is BF Skinner
Bandura's experiment focused on social learning and aggression. Children watched a video where an adult either behaved aggressively towards a Bobo doll (a inflatable toy) or played nicely with it. Bandura found that children who saw aggressive behavior were more likely to imitate it when given the opportunity to play with the Bobo doll themselves. This experiment highlighted the role of observational learning and modeling in behavior
Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment
kids develop thinking skills in stages, from simple to complex, as they grow up. This helps us understand how children learn and think differently at different ages.
Cognitive Development Theory
A mental image or best example of a category
Prototype
starting at 3-4 months, the infant makes spontaneous sounds. Not limited to the phonemes of the infant’s household language.
Babbling Stage
The man who developed theory of language acquisition that contradicted Skinner
Who is Noah Chomsky
Wernicke identified a brain area related to language comprehension, and Geschwind expanded this with a model explaining the connections between brain regions involved in language processing.
Wernicke-Geschwind Model
Gardner said people have different kinds of smarts, like musical, logical, or kinesthetic. This theory broadens how we see intelligence beyond just academics.
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
Mental Set
1-2 years old, uses one word to communicate big meanings.
One-word stage
Cognitive psychologist who developed the theory of multiple intelligences
Who is Howard Gardner
Chomsky's work on language acquisition involved studying how children learn language. He argued that children have an innate ability to acquire language, which he supported through linguistic analysis and observations of language development in children.
Chomsky's Language Acquisition Studies
We acquire language too quickly for it to be learned.
What is universal Language (grammar) theory?
The quality of being driven more by interest, satisfaction, and challenge than by external pressures.
Intrinsic motivation
at age 2, uses two words to communicate meanings- called telegraphic speech.
Two word stage
The psychologist who developed the stages of cogntive development
Who is Jean Piaget
Piaget showed kids objects (like liquid in different glasses) to see if they understand that amounts stay the same even if things look different. This helped us understand how children learn about the world.
Piaget's Conservation Tasks
We have an innate ability to learn vocabulary and grammar.
Innateness Theory of Language
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
Confirmation Bias
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning.
Morphemes
American linguist and neurologist, known for his contributions to the study of language acquisition and neurolinguistics. He is particularly famous for his critical period hypothesis in language development.
Who is Eric lenneberg
Skinner used rewards and punishments with animals to show how behavior can change. For example, he trained pigeons to peck at buttons for food, showing how actions are shaped by consequences.
Skinner's Operant Conditioning Experiments
If children are not exposed to 1st language before a certain age, they will be unable to acquire language. Before the age of 5 is a critical period; language acquisition progressively declines after.
Critical Period Hypothesis
Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match particular prototypes.
Representativeness heuristic
The idea that language determines the way we think (not vive versa).
Whorf’s Linguistic Relativity