Understanding Thinking
Symbols, Prototypes, Concepts
What are three basic elements related to thinking?
Wilhem Wundt
Who is the father of psychology?
Is a heuristic problem-solving technique
What is means-end analysis?
The tendency to arrive at a solution after a period of time away from the problem.
What is incubation effect?
an object or act that stands for something else
What is a symbol
A non-directed form of thinking
What is divergent thinking
Situations or conditions
What are circumstances?
Involves breaking a problem down into parts and dealing with each part individually.
What is working backwards?
The mental rearrangement of elements of a problem.
What is recombination?
is a particular example of a concept or item, one that best represents its characteristics.
What is a prototype
Thinking about thinking
Metacognition
Rules of thumb that often, but not always, help us solve problems
What are heuristics?
Somewhat similar to systematic searching, but more haphazard and less reliable.
What is trial and error?
The ability to adapt to new, different, or changing situations.
What is flexibility?
the mental activity involved in understanding, processing, and communicating information
What is thinking
How many kinds of thinking are there
What is 3?
Specific procedure that when used properly and in the right circumstances will always lead to the solution of a problem
What are Algorithms?
Is a similarity between two or more items, events, or situations.
What is analogies?
Functional fixedness a type of mental set how?
brings a preexisting attitude or approach to solving a problem.
Convergent, Divergent, Metacognition
What are the types of thinking?
Designed to be given under specified, standard conditions
standardized
Two basic processes used in problem-solving
What are algorithms and heuristics?
Is a problem-solving method in which we identify our goal, where we are in relation to it, and the direction we must go to move closer to it.
What is difference reduction?
Five problem-solving methods
What is trial and error, difference reduction, means-end analysis, working backward, analogies?