Descartes' Rationalism
What does “Cogito, ergo sum” mean?
I think, therefore I am
According to Rousseau, humans are born:
A) Evil
B) Indifferent
C) Good
D) Violent
C) Good
How does Hobbes describe life in the state of nature?
A) Joyful and free
B) Nasty, brutish, and short
C) Calm and equal
D) Educated and just
B) Nasty, brutish, and short
Who said that reason is the foundation of knowledge?
A) Hobbes
B) Rousseau
C) Descartes
D) Locke
C) Descartes
The philosopher who said “Cogito, ergo sum” is _______.
Descartes
Descartes believed knowledge is based on:
A) Sensory experience
B) Rational thought
C) Faith and tradition
D) Social consensus
B) Rational thought
What corrupts individuals according to Rousseau?
Society
According to Hobbes, humans are naturally:
A) Cooperative
B) Violent and selfish
C) Kind and rational
D) Peaceful
B) Violent and selfish
Which philosopher believed society corrupts humans?
A) Descartes
B) Rousseau
C) Hobbes
D) Aristotle
B) Rousseau
Descartes’ method to reach certainty is called _______.
A) Empirical thinking
B) Critical theory
C) Radical doubt
D) Trial and error
C) Radical doubt
What method did Descartes use to find truth?
A) Scientific method
B) Radical doubt
C) Emotional reflection
D) Legal analysis
B) Radical doubt
What is the goal of the social contract for Rousseau?
A) Promote religion
B) Guarantee freedom within society
C) Limit human rights
D) Impose monarchy
B) Guarantee freedom within society
What is needed to maintain peace according to Hobbes?
A) Freedom of speech
B) A strong centralized authority
C) Moral education
D) Economic equality
B) A strong centralized authority
Which philosopher supports the idea of an absolute authority to avoid chaos?
A) Rousseau
B) Hobbes
C) Descartes
D) Locke
B) Hobbes
The term for Descartes’ philosophy is _______.
A) Empiricism
B) Dualism
C) Rationalism
D) Humanism
C) Rationalism
What did Descartes want to eliminate through his method of doubt?
A) Freedom
B) Assumptions
C) Emotion
D) Imagination
B) Assumptions
What is Rousseau’s “general will”?
A) The will of politicians
B) The collective interest of the people
C) Religious authority
D) Military force
The collective interest of the people
Hobbes’ social contract is based on:
A) Religious belief
B) Democracy
C) Submission to absolute power
D) Local governance
C) Submission to absolute power
Which two philosophers have opposing views on human nature?
A) Hobbes and Locke
B) Hobbes and Rousseau ✅
C) Rousseau and Descartes
D) Descartes and Locke
B) Hobbes and Rousseau
Rousseau believed people lose their natural goodness because of _______.
A) Hunger
B) Society
C) Fear
D) Knowledge
B) Society
According to Descartes, which of the following best represents the foundation for true knowledge?
A) Cultural tradition
B) Indubitable truths discovered through reason
C) Beliefs passed down from authority
D) Faith and emotion
B) Indubitable truths discovered through reason
What would Rousseau most likely criticize about modern education systems?
A) Their use of technology
B) Their focus on natural sciences
C) Their role in shaping individuals to conform to corrupt social norms
D) Their promotion of democratic values
C) Their role in shaping individuals to conform to corrupt social norms
Why does Hobbes believe individuals give up some freedoms to a sovereign? A) To form religious communities
B) To escape the dangers of the state of nature and secure peace
C) To enhance their creative expression
D) To protect democracy
B) To escape the dangers of the state of nature and secure peace
Which statement best contrasts Rousseau and Hobbes regarding the origin of inequality?
A) Both believed inequality came from divine will.
B) Hobbes blamed human nature; Rousseau blamed societal development.
C) Hobbes believed inequality was necessary; Rousseau denied its existence.
D) Rousseau believed inequality is natural; Hobbes did not acknowledge it.
B) Hobbes blamed human nature; Rousseau blamed societal development.
Hobbes described the social contract as a mutual agreement where people surrender _______ in exchange for security.
A) Their religion
B) Their property
C) Certain freedoms
D) Their individuality
C) Certain freedoms