Axis/Organ Signaling
What are the three main organs of the thyroid hormone axis?
What are the Hypothalamus, Anterior Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland
What is a long-term effect of thyroid hormone deficiency in children?
What is growth retardation/ impaired growth?
Where is the thyroid hormone receptor located?
What is the nucleus (bound to DNA)?
What is a temporary inducer of thyroid hormone?
What is cold?
This autoimmune disease damages the thyroid gland and can cause adult hypothyroidism.
What is Hashimoto's disease?
This hypothalamic hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary to release TSH.
What is TRH?
How can abnormal thyroid hormone levels affect the reproductive system?
what is reproductive dysfunction and infertility?
What do thyroid epithelial cells (TECs) do?
What is synthesize thyroid hormone?
Where are the targets for thyroid hormone?
What are all cells in the body are targets?
- heart, liver, brain, adipose tissue, skeletal tissue, and reproductive organs
what condition occurs when too much thyroid hormone is produced?
What is Hyperthyroidism?
This hormone is released from the anterior pituitary and acts directly on thyroid epithelial cells.
What is TSH?
What are the central nervous system effects of thyroid hormone?
What are mental sluggishness (low TH) and nervousness and anxiety (high TH)?
What allows the thyroid hormone to become free of thyroglobulin?
What is fusion with lysosome that digests thyroglobulin?
During what stage of life is thyroid hormone especially important for brain development?
what is fetal and neonatal/early childhood development?
what autoimmune disease causes hyperthyroidism by producing antibodies that mimic TSH?
What is Graves disease?
TSH binds to this type of receptor on thyroid epithelial cells.
What is a G-protein-coupled receptor or GPCR?
What are effects on the cardiovascular system?
What are increased heart rate, cardiac contractility, and cardiac output and promotes vasodilation?
What does thyroid hormone bind in the blood? (Name them)
What are Carrier proteins?
- thyroxine-binding globulin, transthyrein, albumin
How do high levels of free T3 and T4 affect TRH and TSH secretion
What is inhibit TRH from hypothalamus and TSH from the anterior pituitary through negative feedback?
Name two symptoms of adult hypothyroidism
What are low BMR, cold intolerance, and/or poor memory?
What 2 main peripheral organs deiodinate T4 to make more T3?
What are the kidney and liver?
How is metabolism affected by thyroid hormone?
- increased basal metabolic rate leads to increased heat production
- in lipids: increased lipolysis of adipose tissue, enhanced oxidation of fatty acids, and the plasma concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides is inversely correlated with thyroid hormone levels
- in carbohydrates: increased insulin-dependent entry of glucose into cells and increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (increased free glucose)
What does thyroid peroxidase do?
What is catalyzation?
- The iodination of thyroglobulin to create diiodotyrosine
- The synthesis of thyroxine (T4) from diiodotyrosine
What type of expression pattern describes thyroid hormone changes over a person's age?
What is lifetime expression pattern?
Name three causes of congenital hypothyroidism
Maternal iodine deficiency, error in thyroid hormone synthesis, maternal antithyroid antibodies crossing the placenta, fetal hypopituitary hypothyroidism.