Cognitive Bias
"I knew it all along."
When collecting new information it influences our perception, confirming that small chance of something being right was actually correct.
What is Hindsight Bias?
This happens when media, press, newspaper journalist, City Officials, family of the victim., etc want to know who the commited a certain crime applying a lot of insistence to the Police Department.
What is Institutional Pressure?
A person's testimony offered to prove truth of the matter asserted.
What is Testimonial Evidence?
Decision-making by a higher court decisions.
What is Hierarchical or Authoritative?
Confirmation of propositions depend upon the collection of consistent & supportive data.
What is Empiricism?
Our tendency to seek, create information, and interpret information that validates pre-existing beliefs.
What is Confirmation Bias?
This is an agreement between both prosecutor, and defendant. It happens to 90% of all cases.
What is Plea-Bargaining?
Fingerprints, shoe marks, tire skids, weapon, hair fibers, paint.. etc, are all signs of?
What is Physical Evidence?
Expert testimony, trial/litigation consultant, and writing briefs are all apart of what role for a legal Psychiatrists?
What is Advisor?
use of media; continuing education for legal professions; research data available to public
What is Broad Dissemination?
Having a straight mindset that person #1 commited the crime, no amount of evidence will change my mind.
What is Tunnel Vision
The ruling by a trial judge that, although mistaken, does not meet the burden for a losing party to reverse the original decision of the trier of fact on appeal, or to warrant a new trial
What is Harmless Error?
To teach police how to combat bias. I.e. Devils advocate.
Hint: school and working hard.
What is Education and Training?
Requires final, definitive outcome. For example guilty/not guilty
What is Certainty?
Errors are always a possibility and are accounted for in the research, this relies on likelihood.
What is Probability?
The likelihood that something might happen. Wondering if that was a good, or bad decision.
What is Outcome Bias?
What is police training?
What is Doctrinal Reform?
Evaluate social programs and current policies.
Hint: A lot of academic positions fall under this category..
What is Evaluators?
educating about relevant psychological research; advocacy based on research.
What is Amicus Curiae Briefs?
Presented with new evidence, but they don't care... Even though there in new evidence someone might try and reduce it, or eliminate the information. They will stick with person #1.
What is Belief Perseverance?
Investigators trained to elicit confessions are biased to approach the task presuming guilt, which activates a confirmation bias
What is Meissner & Kassin?
Miranda rights and videotaping of interrogations, are to minimize cognitive, and behavioral confirmation bias.
What is Procedural Safeguard?
Advocate for policy change, meeting with legislators, providing training, and working in the field are all apart of what category?
What is Reformer?
these can testify before the courts or legislative bodies. They can be presented by either side.
What is Expert Testimony?