Scope
Also known as JTB, this traditional understanding of knowledge applies three criteria to analyze whether or not something should be considered knowledge.
Justified true belief
This mindset is oriented towards doubt in regard to an idea or theory and can encourage us to think critically about information.
Skepticism
This major cognitive bias inclines us to notice and accept whatever accords with our beliefs and confirm them, and to screen out whatever does not. This built-in bias makes it harder to have an open mind.
confirmation bias
This type of theory provides a set of related ideas that explains how people ought to live.
Ethical theory
One of three types of knowledge, this type emphasizes "knowing that" and is often seen in institutions that value fact-based knowledge such as schools.
Propositional knowledge
The idea that multiple groups, ideas, practices, or perspectives can coexist.
pluralism
This cognitive bias describes instances in which the desirable qualities of a person (such as being helpful or kind) spill over into our thinking that they are intelligent or dependable as well.
Halo effect
This thought experiment in ethics employs a fictional scenario in which an onlooker has the choice to save 5 people in danger by sacrificing just 1 person.
Trolley problem
This philosophical problem challenges the established understanding of descriptive knowledge by demonstrating true beliefs that were not justified (also considered a "lucky guess").
Gettier problem
In this type of environment, beliefs and opinions that you find always coincide with your own, reinforcing your own views and preventing you from the advantage of considering the perspectives of others.
Echo chamber
This logical fallacy claims that something is true because someone in particular said so, regardless of whether that person has the relevant expertise to make an informed statement about the topic
appeal to authority
In this ethical theory, there is a close connection between the action itself and the consequences it produces
Utilitarian ethics
This theory of truth states that the truth or falsity of a statement is determined only by how it relates to the world and whether it accurately describes that world.
Correspondence theory
This term describes the following concept: If a map is to be useful, then it will necessarily be imperfect. There will, then, always be a difference between a map and the underlying territory it describes.
Paradox of cartography
This type of reasoning uses the process of drawing a general conclusion from particular instances, from specific evidence to a broad premise or axiom. The more extensive the particular observations, the better the conclusion.
inductive logic or reasoning
This ethical theory - inspired by a feministic philosophical perspective - values the ideal human relationships when making ethical decisions.
Ethics of care
This is the formal name for the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge
Epistemology
This story presented by the Greek philosopher Plato compares "the effect of education and the lack of it on our nature" by describing a group of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all their lives, facing a blank wall watching shadows.
Allegory of the Cave
This cognitive bias describes cases in which individuals with little knowledge are more likely to overestimate their level of knowledge and competence in an area.
Dunning-Kruger effect
In this ethical theory - also known as duty ethics - there is a close connection between the action itself and the intention of the person performing the action
Deontological ethics