Lesson 1
What is Secular?
This term refers to being cast out of the Church, which was a powerful tool used by popes to control monarchs.
What is England before the conquest
The roots of the kingdom of England reached back to a time before England existed.
What is Crusades.
The series of religious wars launched by European Christians to reclaim the Holy Land.
What is the Iberian Peninsula?
The peninsula, consisting of modern-day Spain and Portugal, is where the Reconquista took place.
What is the Bubonic Plague?
This deadly pandemic, also known as the Black Death, killed nearly one-third of Europe's population in the 1300s.
what isvexcommunication
This is the severe penalty where a person is kicked out of the Church, meaning they cannot receive sacraments or go to heaven.
What was the Norman Conquest
William was descended from Viking raiders called Northmen or Normans who settled in northern France
What is Jerusalem
The "Holy City" that was the primary target for both Christian and Muslim forces.
Who were the Moors?
The North African Muslims who ruled much of the Iberian Peninsula for centuries.
What is the Hundred Years' War
This long conflict between England and France began in 1337 and changed the way wars were fought in Europe.
Who is Henry IV?
This Holy Roman Emperor famously traveled to Italy and waited in the snow for three days to beg Pope Gregory VII for forgiveness.
What is Norman Clamis England?
For some time, the Normans had been interested in the wealth of nearby England
Who is Pope Urban II
The religious leader who gave a famous speech in 1095 calling for the First Crusade.
Who are Ferdinand and Isabella
The 1469 marriage of these two monarchs effectively unified Spain and accelerated the end of the Reconquista.
Who is Joan of Arc
This peasant girl led the French army to victory at Orléans before being captured and executed by the English.
What is the Concordat of Worms?
Concordat of Worms? This was the 1122 agreement that finally settled the conflict, giving the Church the power to appoint bishops while the Emperor granted them land.
What is William the Conqueror
In late 1066, the Norwegian king landed his army in northern England
What is Saladin
The famous Muslim sultan who recaptured Jerusalem and fought against Richard the Lionheart.
What is Granada?
The last Muslim stronghold in Spain, which finally fell to Christian forces in 1492.
What is Feudalism
Because of the labor shortage caused by the plague, this social and economic system began to crumble as peasants demanded wages.
What is Land and wealth?
Land and wealth? Kings and Popes fought over the right to appoint bishops because these officials controlled two major resources that provided power.
What is Norman england
The northern conquest transformed England
What is Reconquista
The long series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain).
What was the Spanish Inquisition
The Church court established to find and punish "heretics," specifically those who secretly practiced Islam or Judaism.
This period of history saw the Catholic Church split between two (and sometimes three) competing Popes, weakening its authority.
What is the Great Schism?