Antibodies
What is an antigen?
An antigen is any molecule that can trigger an immune response
What is an allergen?
Any substance that can cause an allergic reaction is called an allergen
How do muscles work?
The muscles work antagonistically, in other words, when one muscle contracts, the other relaxes.
What are the 3 main parts of a joint?
Cartilage, joint capsule, synovial fluid
What is the sliding filament theory?
The actin and myosin filaments slide over each other to make the muscle shorter: actin slides over myosin moving inwards towards the center of the sarcomere.
What does Agglutination do?
Agglutination is the clumping of a liquid, in this case, blood, and will lead to hemolysis, which is the rupturing of blood cells and may result in the death of the patient.
How is Histamine produced?
Histamine is produced by basophils and mast cells (both are types of white blood cells) found in the connective tissues.
Name a pair of antagonistic muscles?
The Bicep and Triceps muscles
What is a synovial joint?
Synovial joints are capsules that surround the articulating surfaces of two bones
What does the actin filament contain?
Actin as well as two proteins: tropomyosin and troponin. Tropomyosin forms two strands that wind around the actin filament, covering the binding site for the myosin heads.
What is an antibody and why is it produced?
Antibodies are proteins produced by plasma cells (a B cell originally) in response to an antigenic reaction. Once the immune system has reacted to the invasion of an antigen, antibodies (proteins that bind to foreign substances) are produced.
What are some symptoms of an allergic reaction?
sneezing, itchy, runny or blocked nose, rash, hives, shortness of breath etc.
What is the role of bones?
Bones provide a rigid framework against which muscles attach and against which leverage can be produced, changing the size or direction of forces generated by muscles.
What are 5 types of joints?
Plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, saddle joints, ball and socket joints
What is the calcium ion release?
Motor neurons release acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) This triggers sarcolemma depolarization, causing calcium ions to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
What are the 3 methods of action by antibodies in immune reactions?
Neutralization, Agglutination, Complement
How does Histamine eradicate the allergen?
- One of the functions of histamine is to dilate and increase the permeability of capillaries.
- This enables white blood cells, such as mast cells and some proteins, to invade the affected tissues and engage the allergens.
How are bones connected to other parts of the body?
Bones are connected to other bones by ligaments, and bones are connected to muscles by tendons
What body part is an example of a Hinge Joint?
The human elbow joint is an example of a hinge joint that is located between the humerus and radius / ulna
How is the sliding of the filaments achieved?
interaction between the myosin heads, actin filaments, and ATP hydrolysis
What happens when the immune system is challenged a second time?
- the memory cells (formed during the primary response) divide by mitosis to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells.
- Plasma cells produce antibodies to give a fast response to the invading pathogen, while the memory cells stay in the body to defend against any future attack.
What is the immune response after an allergen has entered the body?
- Once an allergen enters the body, a B cell, also called B lymphocyte, comes into contact with the allergen.
-Plasma cells start producing an antibody that circulates in the blood and binds to mast cells.
- These antibodies attach to and activate the mast cells. This triggers the release of histamines, a process called degranulation, and other compounds.
What is mechanical advantage?
Muscles and bones act together to form levers. A lever is a rigid rod (usually a length of bone) that turns about a pivot (usually a joint). Levers can be used so that a small force can move a much bigger force.
What are the functions of the 3 main parts of the synovial joint?
Joint capsule – Seals the joint space and provides stability by restricting the range of possible movements
Cartilage – Lines the bone surface to facilitate smoother movement, as well as absorbing shock and distributing the load
Synovial fluid – provides oxygen and nutrition to the cartilage, as well as lubrication (reduces friction)
What happens when a muscle receives a neuronal impulse to contract?
- Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- Then Calcium ions bind to troponin, which forces tropomyosin to move.
- This move exposes the myosin-binding sites on the actin.
- Then Myosin heads can now make a cross-bridge and pivoting the actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere.