2.1 Species and Populations
A __________ is a group of organisms that share common characteristics and that interbreed to produce fertile offspring
What is a species?
This rule states that only 10% of energy is moves to the next highest trophic level.
What is the 10% rule?
Ecosystems are linked together by energy and matter flows. The ___’s energy drives these flows, and humans are impacting the flows of energy and matter both locally and globally.
What is the sun?
These are collections of ecosystems sharing similar climatic conditions that can be grouped into five major classes: aquatic, forest, grassland, desert and tundra. Each of these classes has characteristic limiting factors, productivity and biodiversity.
What are Biomes?
These strategies may be used to measure biotic and abiotic factors and their change in space, along an environmental gradient, over time, through succession, or before and after a human impact (for example, as part of an EIA).
What are Sampling strategies?
Where, when, what and how an organisms lives. This is largely to do with the trophic level of the organism. (what it eats) Examples: Plants make food for the rest of the food chain. Tigers keep the population of herbivores under control.
What is a Niche?
This pyramid shows how much energy is moving from one trophic level to the next.
What is an Energy Pyramid?
Human activities such as burning __________, deforestation, urbanization and agriculture impact energy flows as well as the carbon and nitrogen cycles.
What are fossil fuels?
Insolation, _________ and temperature are the main factors governing the distribution of biomes.
What is Precipitation?
Methods for estimating the abundance of ________ organisms include the use of quadrats for making actual counts, measuring population density, percentage cover and percentage frequency.
What is non-motile?
These type of strategists have long life spans, few offspring, late maturity, large body size, reproduce more than once, and provide parental care.
What are K strategists?
This is the build-up of persistent or non-biodegradable pollutants within an organism or trophic level because they cannot be broken down.
What is bioaccumulation?
These are in the carbon cycle and they include organisms and forests (both organic), or the atmosphere, soil, fossil fuels and oceans (all inorganic).
What are storages?
This is the process of change over time in an ecosystem involving pioneer, intermediate and climax communities. During this, the patterns of energy flow, gross and net productivity, diversity, and mineral cycling change over time.
What is succession?
Direct and indirect methods for estimating the abundance of motile organisms can be described and evaluated. Direct methods include actual counts and sampling. Indirect methods include the use of capture–mark– recapture with the application of the ____________.
What is the Lincoln index?
The ___________ niche describes the full range of conditions and resources in which a species could survive and reproduce. The ________ niche describes the actual conditions and resources in which a species exists due to biotic interactions.
What is fundamental and realized?
This is the increase in concentration of persistent or nonbiodegradable pollutants along a food chain.
What is biomagnification?
The _______ and nitrogen cycles are used to illustrate this flow of matter using flow diagrams. These cycles contain storages (sometimes referred to as sinks) and flows, which move matter between storages.
what is carbon?
___ species have reproductive strategies that are better adapted to pioneer communities and ___strategist species have reproductive strategies that are better adapted to climax communities.
What are r and K selected?
Species diversity is a function of the number of species and their relative abundance and can be compared using an index. Using this formula, the higher the result (D), the greater the species diversity. This indication of diversity is only useful when comparing two similar habitats, or the same habitat over time.
What is the Simpson diversity index?
_________ will increase or decrease the carrying capacity of a population based on the size of the population, but ____________ will increase or decrease the carrying capacity regardless of the size of the population.
What are density-dependent factors and density-independent limiting factors.
This pyramid represents the standing stock or storage of each trophic level, measured in units such as grams of biomass per square metre (g m–2) or Joules per square metre (J m-2) (units of biomass or energy).
What is a pyramid of biomass?
This is calculated by subtracting respiratory losses (R) from gross primary productivity (GPP).
What is Net primary productivity (NPP)?
NPP = GPP – R
This refers to changes in community along an environmental gradient due to factors such as changes in altitude, latitude, tidal level or distance from shore (coverage by water).
What is Zonation?
A _______ can be used to sample temperature, a ________ can be used to measure turbidity, and a ____________ probe can be used to measure the oxygen in water.
What are a thermometer, a secchi disk, and a dissolved oxygen probe.