Variables
From your textbook, "A variable is something that_____."
What is something that "changes"?
What is a relationship between variables?
This is the main problem with laboratory research, or experimental designs. Hint: It lacks....
This type of validity concerns the generalizability of the results of a study to other populations or settings.
What is external validity?
This is the minimum number of levels/values needed for something to be considered a variable.
What is 2 levels/values?
This type of environment, as opposed to a highly controlled laboratory, is where correlational research is most often carried out.
What is a natural environment?
This is the two main types of variables seen in an experimental design.
What are independent and dependent variables?
From your text, "Validity refers to the idea that, given everything that is known, a _______ is reasonably ______."
What are conclusion and accurate?
This two-word phrase refers to the specific set of procedures used to measure or manipulate a variable in a study.
What is an operational definition?
These are the two main problems with correlational design, according to your text. Hint: Page 40 of your text.
What are the directionality problem, and the third variable problem?
In experimental methods, there is an experimental group and a _____ group when manipulating the independent variable.
What is a comparison/control group?
This type of validity is sometimes called conclusion validity.
What is statistical validity?
This graph is an example of a _______ ________ relationship between variables.
What is a negative linear relationship?
This term describes a relationship between two variables that appears connected but is actually caused by a third variable.
What is a spurious correlation/spurious relationship?
This procedure ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any experimental group, helping to control for confounding variables.
What is random assignment?
This type of validity refers to the accuracy of an operational definition.
What is construct validity?
This graph is an example of no relationship between variables. Data that are plotted in this pattern indicate that the null hypothesis cannot be _______.
What is cannot be rejected?
The relationship between stress and performance, which improves with increasing stress up to a certain point and then declines, is an example of this kind of statistical association. Hint: see the graphs on page 39 of your textbook.
What is a curvilinear relationship?
Co______, ______ precedence, and ______ validity allow for causal claims in experimental designs.
What are covariation, temporal precedence, and internal validity?
This type of validity is typically only important in research using experimental designs, or quasi-experimental designs.
What is internal validity?