Macronutrients
List the four macronutrients
fat, carbohydrate, water, protein
What sort of compound is ATP
A high energy compound
Define glycogenolysis
the break down of glucogen back into glucose and is released into blood stream
Explain the role of insulin and muscle contration on glucose uptake during exercise
both insulin and muscle contraction stimulate glucose uptake from blood into skeletal muscle.
State the chemical composition of triglyceride molecule:
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids molecule
function of lipids
long term energy storage
List the three energy systems
ATP-PC(phosphocreatine) system (anaerobic)
Lactic Acid system (anaerobic)
Aerobic system
define lypolysis
breakdown of stored lipids
Describe re-synthesis of ATP by lactic acid system
Also known as anaerobic electrolysis, the break down of glucose to pyruvate without the use of oxygen. Pyruvate converted into lactic acid, which limits the amount of ATP produced, produces 2 ATP.
Explain the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids
Essential amino acids must be included in the diet, while non-essential can be created within the body.
function of water
(1) transports nutrients, wastes, hormones, and cells
(2) facilitate cellular metabolism
(3) as a solvent for electrolytes
(4) to regulate body temperature
(5) aid in digestion and elimination
(6) as a tissue lubricant
what is anabolism
Build up of smaller molecules into larger molecules
How does insulin decrease blood glucose levels?
accelerates diffusion of glucose into cells by converting glucose into glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscle.
Describe re-synthesis of ATP by ATP-PC system
Creatine phosphate is a high energy molecule, broken down to provide a phosphate molecule for the re-synthesis of ATP that has been utilized during initial stages of exercise.
State the chemical composition of a protein molecule
build up of amino acids with carbohydrates, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. CHON
functions of protiens
structural support, catalyst, transport, defense, movement, regulation
Define catabolism
The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
What is insulin, where is it secreted and what is its role
insulin is a hormone
- when blood glucose levels are high, insulin is secreted to reduce blood glucose levels.
Characteristics of ATP-PC and contributions to exercise, in terms of fuel source, duration, intensity, amount of ATP produced and by-products.
- phosphocreatine fuels the ATP-PC system
- maximal intensity (sprinter)
- short duration of time before fatigue sets in (10-15 seconds)
- phosphocreatine is broken by creatine kinase into creatine and phosphate group generating energy and ADP.
-occurs in cytoplasm
Outline the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
saturated fatty acids have single bonds between the fatty acid molecules, which are stronger bonds, making it more difficult to catabolism in our digestive systems. Unsaturated have double bonds, making them weaker bonds, and therefore easier to metabolise when digesting
Functions of Carbohydrates
primary energy source for energy; balance protein & fat metabolism; fiber: important for bowel fx, waste elimination & blood sugar control; liver detox
Define glycogenolysis
the break down of glucogen back into glucose and is released into blood stream
State the energy content values per 100g of carbohydrate, protein and fat
carbohydrate= 1760kj
protein= 1720kg
fat= 4000kj
Characteristics of Lactic Acid System and contributions to exercise, in terms of fuel source, duration, intensity, amount of ATP produced and by-products.
- also known as anaerobic glycolysis
- glucose fules
- med-high intensity (games player)
- 10-90second duration
- 2ATP and lactic acid as bi product
- lactic acid limiting the amount of ATP that can be produced
Where is glycogen stored
liver, muscles and brain