Industrial Revolution
The country where the Industrial Revolution began.
Great Britain
Inventor of the telegraph.
Samuel Morse
The "spark" that ignited WWI. (short-term cause)
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Treaty that officially ended WWI.
Treaty of Versailles
Russia's absolute ruler who ignored reformers, suppressed opposition, and led the country into catastrophic WWI losses.
Tsar Nicholas II
This agricultural shift replaced open fields with large, privately-owned farms — and pushed peasants off the land.
The Enclosure Movement
Eli Whitney's 1793 invention that massively boosted the raw cotton supply for British mills.
The cotton gin
The type of warfare that defined the Western Front: muddy _________, barbed wire, poison gas, and almost no movement.
Trench Warfare
New international organization created for ensuring lasting peace following WWI. Member countries promised to defend each other against aggressors.
League of Nations
Leader of the Bolsheviks.
Vladimir Lenin
This 1833 law limited children's hours in factories and required inspections — but did NOT ban child labor entirely.
The Factory Act
Lord 'Turnip' Townshend's innovation: planting four different crops in rotation to keep soil productive year-round.
Four-crop rotation
The four underlying causes of WWI, spelled out by this acronym.
M.A.I.N. (Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism)
The exact symbolic moment Germany signed the armistice — 11th hour, 11th day, 11th month.
November 11, 1918 (Armistice Day)
The slogan of the Bolshevik Revolution.
Peace, Land, Bread
The term for the process by which displaced peasants became wage-dependent factory workers.
Proletarianization
James Hargreaves' 1764 invention that let one spinner operate multiple spindles at once.
The spinning jenny
Germany's two-front war strategy: knock out France in 6 weeks, then turn east to fight Russia.
The Schlieffen Plan
The "War Guilt Clause" assigned blame to this nation.
Germany
Event that triggered the 1905 Revolution.
Bloody Sunday
England's five advantages that sparked industrialization: (List at least 2)
1) coal/iron, 2) navigable rivers, 3) stable government, 4) banking system, and 5) A colonial empire (overseas markets and raw materials)
The home-based production system replaced by the factory — workers spun and wove in their own homes.
The cottage industry (putting-out system)
The 1916 battle with nearly 1 million casualties and no real gain — the longest battle of the entire war.
The Battle of Verdun
The 1915 passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat, killing nearly 1,200 and turning American opinion against Germany.
The Lusitania
The 1918 treaty that took Finland, the Baltic states, Poland, and Ukraine from Russia — Lenin's price for peace.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk