Statistical Analysis
A group of baseball players hit both left-handed and right-handed. The mean distance traveled by the ball is shown in the chart. What might be concluded about the statistical significance of the data?
A. LH group hits significantly further than the RH group.
B. RH group hits significantly further than the LH group.
C. LH group hits significantly shorter than the RH group.
D. RH group does not hit significantly further than the LH group.
D. RH group does not hit significantly further than the LH group.
A company has developed a drink to improve the performance of athletes during endurance events, such as the Tour de France cycling race.
Describe four study design features that could be used in an experiment to test if the sports drink is beneficial to endurance performance.
control groups: they will need to have a group that does not receive the condition/sports drink ✔ randomization: subjects will be randomly allocated to receive the drink condition and the control ✔ placebos: the experimenter will try to ensure that a placebo effect is avoided by using a drink which in all ways matches the real drink they are testing so that subjects cannot tell the difference ✔ blinding: the subjects will not know that they are receiving the real drink or the placebo/blinding eliminates subjects being affected by the placebo effect ✔ double-blinding: the experimenter will not know which drink each subject is consuming so that they are not unduly influencing the subjects behavior/performance ✔ statistical analysis: once they have collected the data the experimenter will use statistical tests/t tests/ANOVA/to help establish whether the effect from the drink is statistically significantly different from the control/placebo ✔
Award [1 max] for each feature
A student measures flexibility using five trials of the sit and reach test. They record the same result for each trial for the first participant. Which does this provide evidence for?
A. Specificity B. Accuracy C. Reliability D. Validity
C. Reliability
A track athlete runs 800 m at 5-minute intervals over 30 minutes. Which element of their general training programme is this?
A. Endurance training B. Progression C. Resistance training D. Reversibility
A. Endurance training
A study investigated the effect of three different sports on force-time variables during a vertical jump performed by elite athletes. The variables measured were time during the eccentric phase (when the quadriceps lengthen to prepare for the jump), total jump time (eccentric and concentric phases), eccentric rate of force development, and jump height. Table 1: Mean and standard deviation (SD) for the force-time variable data
Identify the sport with the greatest mean jump height
Football
Which is correct about the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q)?
A. PAR-Q is used to determine the possible health risks of an exercise programme
B. The PAR-Q form helps to diagnose cardiac issues
C. If a PAR-Q is completed, it confirms that there will be no risk of injury
D. PAR-Q is a screening tool based on a person’s athletic performance in previous competitive events
A. PAR-Q is used to determine the possible health risks of an exercise programme
Alex signs up at the local gym and is required to complete a Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). What is the purpose of this questionnaire?
A. To determine their level of fitness
B. To determine how long they will be able to exercise for
C. To determine their pre-existing skill level
D. To determine their pre-existing health conditions
D. To determine their pre-existing health conditions
Which are elements of a general training programme? I. Warm up
II. Endurance training
III. Recreational activities and sports
A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III
D. I, II and III
An athlete completed five timed trials of a 20 m sprint test. What is the mean time?
A. 3.90 s
B. 3.95 s
C. 4.00 s
D. 4.05 s
C. 4.00 s
What is a benefit of a maximal test?
A. Typically, it is safer than sub-maximal tests
B. Typically, it is more accurate than sub-maximal tests
C. Typically, it is easier to recruit participants
D. Typically, participants experience a quick recovery
B. Typically, it is more accurate than sub-maximal tests
Which fitness component does the stork stand test?
A. Reaction time B. Balance C. Strength D. Muscle endurance
B. Balance
Discuss how you would use the key principles of training to help you prepare for a long-distance cycle race.
progression: gradually build up the distances ridden over time ✔
gradually build up the pace ridden over time ✔
overload: cycling further than previously done to put a strain on the body ✔
frequency: build up the frequency of rides so that you may be riding every other day ✔
ensure that there is a good balance between training days and rest days to allow recovery ✔
duration: gradually build up the duration/time cycling so that the body is used to the distance needed ✔
push the training time beyond what you are normally training/beyond the event time so that you will cope on the day ✔
intensity: gradually build up the riding speed over the distances so that you are maximizing this aspect ✔ train on hills/have periods of high-intensity effort and periods of recovery on a training ride ✔
variety: train/cycle in a variety of different environments e.g.: hills, flat; spinning (gym) ✔
periodization: plan the programme to develop endurance for the first few weeks followed by speed endurance ✔
specificity: training should mimic performance/movement/muscle groups/energy systems / etc. ✔
reversibility: be conscious that if no training occurs for whatever reason then training effects will slowly diminish ✔
Award [2 max] for each principle
What does a large standard deviation indicate?
A. The data is clustered close to the mean.
B. The data is spread widely around the mean.
C. The data is normally distributed.
D. The data is not normally distributed.
B. The data is spread widely around the mean.
Which fitness test provides an assessment of muscle endurance?
A. Handgrip dynamometer
B. Maximum push-ups
C. Harvard step test
D. Standing broad jump
B. Maximum push-ups
Which procedure would assess the reliability of an experiment?
A. Repeat the experiment to determine if the results remain the same
B. Test the degrees of precision of the instruments
C. Conduct similar tests that measure changes in the same dependent variable
D. Determine how close the measurements are to the true value
A. Repeat the experiment to determine if the results remain the same
An athlete is engaged in consistent regular training. Which key principle is being met?
A. Overload
B. Specificity
C. Reversibility
D. Variety
C. Reversibility
A study investigated the magnitude of the impact force, in Newtons (N), at the shoulder during tackling in 35 experienced rugby union players. The researchers looked at the effect of the following variables on the impact force at the shoulder: Condition 1: Shoulder pads (with and without) Condition 2: Shoulder (dominant versus non-dominant) Condition 3: Setting (in a laboratory versus on a rugby field)
Identify which shoulder has the greatest mean impact force?
dominant ✔ dominant without pads ✔
Why would an athlete work at different heart rate training zones rather than a maximum heart rate zone?
A. To avoid overreaching
B. To increase the number of fast-twitch fibers
C. To target specific training adaptations
D. To reduce excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC
C. To target specific training adaptations
Outline power, a performance-related component of fitness.
it is the combination of speed and strength
OR
the ability to perform a maximum effort within the shortest period of time ✔
Which terms apply to the use of the multistage fitness test to evaluate the muscular power of a 100 m swimmer?
A. Reliable and valid
B. Not reliable and not valid
C. Not reliable but valid
D. Reliable and not valid
D. Reliable and not valid