Chapter 7.1
To bend a limb
What is to 'flex'?
Hydrogen acceptors (take up Hydrogen atoms) linked to glycolysis, the link reaction and Krebs cycle.
What are NAD and FAD?
A heart rate of greater than 100 bpm
What is Tachychardia?
A part of the brain which lies below the thalamus and contains the thermoregulatory centre. It coordinates water balance, reproduction, metabolism as well as temperature.
What is the Hypothalamus?
Hormone used to stimulate formation of new red blood cells in the bone marrow. Produced naturally by the kidneys. Increases the blood oxygen-carrying capacity.
What is Erythropoetin (EPO)?
Membrane of connective tissue forming a bag enclosing a freely movable joint. Produces the synovial fluid
What is the synovial membrane?
Lactate is converted to pyruvate and oxidised via the Krebs cycle. The volume of oxygen required to do this.
What is the Oxygen debt?
Each contraction of the heart starts with electrical changes (depolarisation) at this special area in the wall of the right atrium and thus generates an electrical impulse.
What is the SAN?
When something ‘feeds back’ to decrease the action/result.
What is Negative Feedback?
Steroid hormone used to increase muscle development. Made from cholesterol and produced in the testes by males and the adrenal glands in both males and females. Causes development of male sexual organs and male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.
What is Testosterone?
Where a nerve ending meets a muscle fibre
What is the neuromuscular junction?
Substance stored in muscles, which can be hydrolysed to release energy, used to regenerate ATP from ADP and phosphate (provided by this molecule).
What is Creatine Phosphate?
Volume of blood returning to the heart
What is venous return?
Decrease in diameter of the skin arterioles (with a dilation of the shunt vessel).
What is Vasoconstriction?
Group of lymphocytes found in the blood and lymph; do not use specific antigen recognition. Provide non-specific immunity to intracellular microbes.
Natural Killer Cells
A network of intracellular membranes that extends throughout the sarcoplasm, surrounding every myofibril. Calcium pumps in the membrane means this contains a store of Ca2+ when the muscle is at rest.
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
The process where the end product of a pathway inhibits the enzyme required in an early step in the metabolic pathway e.g. ATP inhibits the first step in glycolysis by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for glucose phosphorylation.
What is end-point inhibition?
Stage of electrical activity in the heart representing the time taken for impulse to be transmitted from SAN to AVN.
What is the PR interval?
Energy needed to convert water from liquid to vapour.
What is the Latent Heat of Evaporation?
Charged molecules of 10 to 300 amino acids which act as hormones. Cannot pass through the cell membrane so must bind to a cell surface receptor which will activate a second messenger molecule. The secondary messenger will directly or indirectly affect gene transcription. Examples include insulin, EPO and human growth hormone.
What is a Peptide hormone?
A set of transverse tubes that penetrates skeletal muscle fibres and terminates in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This system of tubes transmits impulses to the sacs, which then release Ca2+ to initiate muscle contraction
What are T tubules?
Final electron carrier in the electron carrier chain, catalyses the transfer of electrons to oxygen, which then combines with H+ to form water.
What is Cytochrome oxidase?
Paler muscle specialised to produce rapid, intense contractions. ATP provided mainly through anaerobic respiration. Few mitochondria, few capillaries.
What are Fast Twitch fibres?
Area of the hypothalamus that stimulates sweat glands to secrete sweat and lowers metabolic activity in the liver
What is the heat loss centre?
Regulatory proteins which form a complex with the RNA polymerase and bind to the site of RNA polymerase attachment (promoter regions) on the eukaryotic chromosome, allowing transcription.
What are Transcription Factors?