Culture
Define culture in a health context.
Shared beliefs, values, customs and behaviours that influence health decisions.
Name two types of needs in a needs assessment.
Any two of:
Felt, expressed, normative, comparative
What does the P in PABCAR stand for?
Identification of the problem
Name two levels of the socio-ecological model.
Individual, interpersonal, organisational, community, societal
Explain how culture can influence health decision-making.
Culture shapes beliefs and values, which influence attitudes and behaviours towards healthcare.
Define normative need.
Needs identified by experts using epidemiological data or standards.
What does amenability mean in the PABCAR model?
Whether the issue can be changed or improved.
Describe the interpersonal level of the socio-ecological model.
Influences from relationships such as family, friends, and peers that affect health behaviours.
An individual refuses a blood transfusion.
Explain how culture may have influenced this decision.
Survey results show students feel stressed and want more mental health support.
Felt need — based on what individuals say they need.
*would be expressed if they had acted upon this need e.g. gone to a GP for mental health plan*
Health data shows that rates of obesity in a community are 25% higher than the national average, and surveys indicate high consumption of fast food and low physical activity levels.
Analysis of the problem — this step involves examining data and evidence to understand the extent and causes of the health issue.
A neighbourhood has very few parks, limited footpaths, and no safe spaces for exercise, resulting in low physical activity levels among residents.
Identify and describe the level of the socio-ecological model in the above example.
Community level — the physical environment (lack of facilities and safe spaces) influences health behaviours such as physical activity.
Explain how language barriers and cultural differences can impact relationship building in healthcare settings.
Language barriers can cause misunderstandings, reduce trust, and lead to poor communication, while cultural differences (e.g. notions of time) may affect expectations and interactions, limiting effective care.
Explain how Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs can be used to prioritise health issues in a community.
Basic needs (e.g. food, safety) must be satisfied before higher-level needs can be met. Urgent health issues should be prioritised first.
A new community health centre is being proposed.
Explain how Costs and Acceptance will influence decision-making as to whether to move forward with the health centre.
Costs consider financial, resource, and social/ethical impacts
Acceptance considers whether people support the strategy.
Both affect whether it is implemented and need to be considered.
Explain how individual and organisation levels of the socio-ecological model can influence physical activity in adolescents.