The Basics
The statement that DNA is transcribed by RNA which is then translated into proteins
What is the Central Dogma
This is the 3D structure of a polypeptide chain.
What is a tertiary structure?
This catalyzes the reaction to transfer a phosphate from ATP to a protein's hydroxyl group on either a threonine, serine or tyrosine side chain.
What is a protein kinase
1. DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded 2. Backbone sugar phosphate molecule in DNA is deoxyribose and in RNA it is ribose sugar. 3. DNA contains adenine(A), Thymine(T), Cytosine(C), and Guanine(G). Where as RNA has Uracil in place of T.
What is the difference in structural components of DNA and RNA.
DNA is this handedness in animals
What is right-handed?
All genes derived from a gene family are known as ___, a gene that is found in two separate species is known as ___ and a gene that has undergone a gene duplication which diverged in function is known as ____.
What is homolog, an ortholog and a paralog
This is the functional or structural units of a protein.
What is a protein domain?
When there is too much ADP in the body, enzymes are activated which oxidize the sugar molecules and thereby promoting the transfiguration of ADP to ATP
What is positive feedback
DNA is packed into chromosomes by wrapping around protein complexes including histone and non histone proteins and forming a final compact thread like structure called chromatin. The Key compomnents of chromosome are DNA>Protein complexes>nucleosome>chromatin>chromosome
How is DNA packed into chromosomes. What are the key components of eukaryotic Chromosome
Integral membrane proteins that contain an extracellular amino terminus, intracellular carboxyl terminus, and seven transmembrane α-helical domains. They are the largest protein family in the human genome.
What are G protein-coupled receptors?
The type of bond found between two water molecules, and the type of bond between a hydrogen atom and oxygen atom in a water molecule, respectively.
What is a hydrogen bond and a polar covalent bond
This protein binds other proteins together.
What is a scaffold protein?
The reaction in which this enzyme hydrolyzes a polysaccharide chain causing the bond between the two sugar groups to break
What is a Lysozyme
The non coding sequences are referred as Introns. Their key significance is they enable the process of alternative splicing allowing a single gene to code for multiple proteins.
The mobile DNA pieces are referred as transposable elements. They move and change positions in genome, can insert themselves into different places in genome and cause mutations that contribute to genetic diversity. They also act as gene regulators.
What are the non coding sequnences and the mobile DNA pieces. What is their key significance in the genome?
The groove on DNA that is available for small molecule drugs to bind, specifically chemotherapeutic drugs, but also others.
What is the minor groove?
It is said that two atoms react to create a polar covalent bond, one atom results in a greater portion of electrons known as ___ and the other now comprises of a lesser portion of electrons known as ___.
What is reduced and oxidized, respectively
These are strong, organized fibers formed by many proteins/ peptides.
What are amyloid fibrils?
Additions of this protein create a chain which attaches to a Lysine side chain of a target protein. Where the target protein is then directed to a proteasome and is degraded.
What is Ubiquitin
With in a DNA strand the nucleotide subunits are held together by phosphate-diester bonds between deoxyribose sugar molecules. The Phosphate (PO4-) group at 3' end of one sugar binds with methyl (-CH3) on the next sugar molecule forming a phosphate diester bonds.
Hydrogen bonds between bases (AT and CG) holds the two anti-parallel DNA strands together in side the double helix. The sugar-phosphate back-bone is outside. How are the nucleotide chains are held together to form a polynucleotide chain?
____ has a double bond, whereas _____ has a triple bond, therefore locations on a DNA strand with higher concentrations of _____ are more subject to splicing.
What are A-T, G-C, A-T base pairs?
In the reaction Y -> X, where Y has a greater free energy than X, therefore the reaction is this
What is energetically favorable reaction
This is a misfolded protein that may cause deadly diseases that have different names in humans, sheep, deer, and other animals and is acquired by ingesting brain matter.
What is a prion?
When a regulatory molecule binds to a enzyme and changes the shape of the enzyme which substrate(s) are now unable to bind to the active site(s).
What is negative feedback
Repeating units of nucleosomes form chromatin. The nucleosome core particles include disc shaped histone proteins and DNA wrapped around the histone core.The four histones fold first to each other to form H2A-H2B and H3-H4 dimers thorough interactions known ad "handshake". H3-H4 dimer combines to form tetramers. H3-H4 tetramers combine further to form octamers. H3-H4 tetramers also combine with H2A-H2b dimers to form a compact octamer core around which DNA is wound.
Histones forming the core share a structural motif called histone fold. How does histone fold in assembling nucleosome?
The asymmetrical attachment of the base pairs to the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA causes the _____ and _____ to have different widths.
What are the major and minor grooves?