Biotransformation
Formed metabolite is more toxic than the parent drug.
What is bioactivation/intoxication?
Toxicants alter ______ reversibly, as competitive inhibitors, or irreversibly, as noncompetitive inhibitors.
What is enzymes?
Data bank of DNA chromosomal sequences of humans and model species.
What is the Human Genome Project?
Environmental factors and genetics are connected to this disease.
What is cancer?
The three R's of ethical animal lab-use.
What is Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction?
Phases (I and II) in detoxification are most efficient when a toxicant or metabolite has these qualities.
What is hydrophilic, large, polar (charged)?
This type of toxicant binds to the receptor, but doesn't produce a response.
Term for the entirety of proteins produced by DNA.
What is the proteome?
Mutational theory of carcinogenesis progresses in these steps.
The equation for determining % cell viability.
What is (Mean # of Alive Cells + Mean Number of Dead Cells) / Mean # of Alive Cells * 100?
This drug activates expression of P450 genes.
What is alcohol?
Hemoglobin, as a carrier protein of oxygen, is affected by this molecule, as it competes with oxygen to bind to a heme-containing (ferrous) group.
What is carbon monoxide?
These variations in the genome reflect a person's ability to metabolize certain toxicants or drugs.
What is the microbiome, genetic deficiencies, age?
The difference present between oncogenes and proto-oncogenes.
What is
resemble normal cellular genes of host?
inactive genes in normal cells?
In our second lab, bacteria were only resistant to this control.
What is Streptomycin?
These are the steps of conjugation.
What is uptake/biosynthesis, metabolism, glucuronidation or glutathione --> inactivation/elimination?
Formed by halogenated hydrocarbons and xenobiotics during the process of liquid peroxidation.
*Hint: Glutathione (present in spinach, broccoli, peppers) helps to fight these!
What are free radicals?
A piece of chromosome that has not been recombined or mutated for several generations.
What is a haplotype?
This chromosome is present in cases of CML (Chronic myelogenous leukemia).
What is the Philadelphia Chromosome?
The name of the macrophages used in lab.
What is RAW 264.7?
These are examples of oxidation reactions.
What is hydroxylation, dealkylation, and epoxidation?
This type of cell death is associated with a loss of plasma membrane integrity.
What is necrosis?
Bacterial resistance can be achieved through the swapping of these DNA molecules.
What are plasmids?
This is the definition of a complete carcinogen.
What is able to produce malignant tumors without further action required?
What is the Griess reaction?